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@Article{appel_mesoscopic_2009,
  Title                    = {Mesoscopic atomic entanglement for precision measurements beyond the standard quantum limit},
  Author                   = {Appel, J. and Windpassinger, P. J. and Oblak, D. and Hoff, U. B. and Kj忙rgaard, N. and Polzik, E. S.},
  Journal                  = {PNAS},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {27},
  Pages                    = {10960--10965},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Abstract                 = {Squeezing of quantum fluctuations by means of entanglement is a well-recognized goal in the field of quantum information science and precision measurements. In particular, squeezing the fluctuations via entanglement between 2-level atoms can improve the precision of sensing, clocks, metrology, and spectroscopy. Here, we demonstrate 3.4 dB of metrologically relevant squeezing and entanglement for 鈮� 105 cold caesium atoms via a quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement on the atom clock levels. We show that there is an optimal degree of decoherence induced by the quantum measurement which maximizes the generated entanglement. A 2-color QND scheme used in this paper is shown to have a number of advantages for entanglement generation as compared with a single-color QND measurement.},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0901550106},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/W32EARBI/Appel et al. - 2009 - Mesoscopic atomic entanglement for precision measu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/3CCSSZHX/10960.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  Keywords                 = {atomic clocks, quantum nondemolition measurements, spin squeezing},
  Language                 = {en},
  Pmid                     = {19541646},
  Url                      = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/27/10960},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{balykin_quantum_2014,
  Title                    = {Quantum control of atoms and photons by optical nanofibers},
  Author                   = {Balykin, V. I.},
  Journal                  = {Phys.-Usp.},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {607},
  Volume                   = {57},

  Abstract                 = {null},
  Doi                      = {10.3367/UFNe.0184.201406h.0656},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/C86UADUI/Balykin - 2014 - Quantum control of atoms and photons by optical na.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/87ECUG2B/607.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1063-7869},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1063-7869/57/6/607},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@PhdThesis{baragiola_open_2014,
  Title                    = {Open {Systems} {Dynamics} for {Propagating} {Quantum} {Fields}},
  Author                   = {Baragiola, Ben Q.},
  School                   = {University of New Mexico},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Address                  = {Albuquerque, USA},
  Month                    = aug,
  Note                     = {arXiv: 1408.4447},

  Abstract                 = {In this dissertation, I explore interactions between matter and propagating light. The electromagnetic field is modeled as a reservoir of quantum harmonic oscillators successively streaming past a quantum system. Each weak and fleeting interaction entangles the light and the system, and the light continues its course. Within the framework of open quantum systems, the light is eventually traced out, leaving the reduced quantum state of the system as the primary mathematical subject. Two major results are presented. The first is a master equation approach for a quantum system interacting with a traveling wave packet prepared with a definite number of photons. In contrast to quasi-classical states, such as coherent or thermal fields, these N-photon states possess temporal mode entanglement, and local interactions in time have nonlocal consequences. The second is a model for a three-dimensional light-matter interface for an atomic ensemble interacting with a paraxial laser beam and its application to the generation of QND spin squeezing. Both coherent and incoherent dynamics due to spatially inhomogeneous atom-light coupling across the ensemble are accounted for. Measurement of paraxially scattered light can generate squeezing of an atomic spin wave, while diffusely scattered photons lead to spatially local decoherence.},
  File                     = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/B5B4A7CM/1408.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Quantum Physics},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.4447},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{baragiola_three-dimensional_2014,
  Title                    = {Three-dimensional light-matter interface for collective spin squeezing in atomic ensembles},
  Author                   = {Baragiola, Ben Q. and Norris, Leigh M. and Montano, Enrique and Mickelson, Pascal G. and Jessen, Poul S. and Deutsch, Ivan H.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {033850},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Abstract                 = {We study the three-dimensional nature of the quantum interface between an ensemble of cold, trapped atomic spins and a paraxial laser beam, coupled through a dispersive interaction. To achieve strong entanglement between the collective atomic spin and the photons, one must match the spatial mode of the collective radiation of the ensemble with the mode of the laser beam while minimizing the effects of decoherence due to optical pumping. For ensembles coupling to a probe field that varies over the extent of the cloud, the set of atoms that indistinguishably radiates into a desired mode of the field defines an inhomogeneous spin wave. Strong coupling of a spin wave to the probe mode is not characterized by a single parameter, the optical density, but by a collection of different effective atom numbers that characterize the coherence and decoherence of the system. To model the dynamics of the system, we develop a full stochastic master equation, including coherent collective scattering into paraxial modes, decoherence by local inhomogeneous diffuse scattering, and backaction due to continuous measurement of the light entangled with the spin waves. This formalism is used to study the squeezing of a spin wave via continuous quantum nondemolition measurement. We find that the greatest squeezing occurs in parameter regimes where spatial inhomogeneities are significant, far from the limit in which the interface is well approximated by a one-dimensional, homogeneous model.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.89.033850},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/M9DTKCT2/PhysRevA.89.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/H2K6DMHQ/Baragiola et al. - 2014 - Three-dimensional light-matter interface for colle.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.033850},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-06}
}

@Article{blow_continuum_1990,
  Title                    = {Continuum fields in quantum optics},
  Author                   = {Blow, K. J. and Loudon, Rodney and Phoenix, Simon J. D. and Shepherd, T. J.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {4102--4114},
  Volume                   = {42},

  Abstract                 = {We formulate the quantum theory of optical wave propagation without recourse to cavity quantization. This approach avoids the introduction of a box-related mode spacing and enables us to use a continuum frequency space description. We introduce a complete orthonormal set of operators that can describe states of finite energy. The set is countable and the operators have all the usual properties of the single-mode frequency operators. With use of these operators a generalization of the single-mode normal-ordering theorem is proved. We discuss the inclusion of material dispersion and pulse propagation in an optical fiber. Finally, we consider the process of photodetection in free space, concluding with a discussion of homodyne detection with both local oscillator and signal fields pulsed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.42.4102},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BT7VD33A/PhysRevA.42.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/T6W4XKAT/Blow et al. - 1990 - Continuum fields in quantum optics.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.42.4102},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{bohnet_reduced_2014,
  Title                    = {Reduced spin measurement back-action for a phase sensitivity ten times beyond the standard quantum limit},
  Author                   = {Bohnet, J. G. and Cox, K. C. and Norcia, M. A. and Weiner, J. M. and Chen, Z. and Thompson, J. K.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Photon},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {731--736},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Abstract                 = {Fundamental quantum noise limits the precision of quantum-based detectors, for example limiting the ultimate precision of atomic clocks, which have applications in communication, navigation and tests of fundamental physics. Collective measurements of many quantum spins can project the ensemble into an entangled, spin-squeezed state with improved quantum-limited measurement resolution. However, measurement back-action has limited previous implementations of collective measurements to only modest observed enhancements in precision. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a collective measurement with reduced measurement back-action to produce and directly observe, with no background subtraction, a spin-squeezed state with phase resolution improved by a factor of 10.5(1.5) in variance, or 10.2(6) dB, compared to the initially unentangled ensemble of N = 4.8 脳 105 87Rb atoms. The measurement uses a cavity-enhanced probe of an optical cycling transition, mitigating back-action associated with state-changing transitions induced by the probe. This work establishes collective measurements as a powerful technique for generating useful entanglement for precision measurements.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2014 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nphoton.2014.151},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/248WUWR5/Bohnet et al. - 2014 - Reduced spin measurement back-action for a phase s.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/QVBXI2IQ/nphoton.2014.151.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1749-4885},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v8/n9/full/nphoton.2014.151.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{buhmann_casimir-polder_2004,
  Title                    = {Casimir-{Polder} forces: {A} nonperturbative approach},
  Author                   = {Buhmann, Stefan Yoshi and Kn{\"o}ll, Ludwig and Welsch, Dirk-Gunnar and Dung, Ho Trung},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {052117},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {Within the frame of macroscopic QED in linear, causal media, we study the radiation force of Casimir-Polder type acting on an atom which is positioned near dispersing and absorbing magnetodielectric bodies and initially prepared in an arbitrary electronic state. It is shown that minimal and multipolar coupling lead to essentially the same lowest-order perturbative result for the force acting on an atom in an energy eigenstate. To go beyond perturbation theory, the calculations are based on the exact center-of-mass equation of motion. For a nondriven atom in the weak-coupling regime, the force as a function of time is a superposition of force components that are related to the electronic density matrix elements at a chosen time. Even the force component associated with the ground state is not derivable from a potential in the ususal way, because of the position dependence of the atomic polarizability. Further, when the atom is initially prepared in a coherent superposition of energy eigenstates, then temporally oscillating force components are observed, which are due to the interaction of the atom with both electric and magnetic fields.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052117},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BQI5NGCI/PhysRevA.70.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/X3AAWJ97/Buhmann et al. - 2004 - Casimir-Polder forces A nonperturbative approach.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Casimir-{Polder} forces},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052117},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-29}
}

@Article{bures_power_1999,
  Title                    = {Power density of the evanescent field in the vicinity of a tapered fiber},
  Author                   = {Bures, Jacques and Ghosh, Ren茅},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Optical Society of America A},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1992},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/JOSAA.16.001992},
  ISSN                     = {1084-7529, 1520-8532},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=JOSAA-16-8-1992},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{beguin_generation_2014,
  Title                    = {Generation and {Detection} of a {Sub}-{Poissonian} {Atom} {Number} {Distribution} in a {One}-{Dimensional} {Optical} {Lattice}},
  Author                   = {B{\'e}guin, J-B and Bookjans, EM and Christensen, SL and S{\o}rensen, HL and M{\"u}ller, JH and Polzik, ES and Appel, J},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {26},
  Pages                    = {263603},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate preparation and detection of an atom number distribution in a one-dimensional atomic lattice with the variance 鈭�14 dB below the Poissonian noise level. A mesoscopic ensemble containing a few thousand atoms is trapped in the evanescent field of a nanofiber. The atom number is measured through dual-color homodyne interferometry with a pW-power shot noise limited probe. Strong coupling of the evanescent probe guided by the nanofiber allows for a real-time measurement with a precision of 卤8 atoms on an ensemble of some 103 atoms in a one-dimensional trap. The method is very well suited for generating collective atomic entangled or spin-squeezed states via a quantum nondemolition measurement as well as for tomography of exotic atomic states in a one-dimensional lattice.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.263603},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/W2JSZ57Z/PhysRevLett.113.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/4ZUKKHSJ/B茅guin et al. - 2014 - Generation and Detection of a Sub-Poissonian Atom .pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.263603},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-27}
}

@Article{chaneliere_storage_2005,
  Title                    = {Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories},
  Author                   = {Chaneli猫re, T. and Matsukevich, D. N. and Jenkins, S. D. and Lan, S.-Y. and Kennedy, T. a. B. and Kuzmich, A.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {7069},
  Pages                    = {833--836},
  Volume                   = {438},

  Abstract                 = {An elementary quantum network operation involves storing a qubit state in an atomic quantum memory node, and then retrieving and transporting the information through a single photon excitation to a remote quantum memory node for further storage or analysis. Implementations of quantum network operations are thus conditioned on the ability to realize matter-to-light and/or light-to-matter quantum state mappings. Here we report the generation, transmission, storage and retrieval of single quanta using two remote atomic ensembles. A single photon is generated from a cold atomic ensemble at one site , and is directed to another site through 100 metres of optical fibre. The photon is then converted into a single collective atomic excitation using a dark-state polariton approach. After a programmable storage time, the atomic excitation is converted back into a single photon. This is demonstrated experimentally, for a storage time of 0.5 microseconds, by measurement of an anti-correlation parameter. Storage times exceeding ten microseconds are observed by intensity cross-correlation measurements. This storage period is two orders of magnitude longer than the time required to achieve conversion between photonic and atomic quanta. The controlled transfer of single quanta between remote quantum memories constitutes an important step towards distributed quantum networks.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2005 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature04315},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/C647Z9JS/Chaneli猫re et al. - 2005 - Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitte.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HTBDJBKN/nature04315.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/abs/nature04315.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{chaudhury_continuous_2006,
  Title                    = {Continuous {Nondemolition} {Measurement} of the {Cs} {Clock} {Transition} {Pseudospin}},
  Author                   = {Chaudhury, Souma and Smith, Greg A. and Schulz, Kevin and Jessen, Poul S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {043001},
  Volume                   = {96},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate a weak continuous measurement of the pseudospin associated with the clock transition in a sample of Cs atoms. Our scheme uses an optical probe tuned near the D1 transition to measure the sample birefringence, which depends on the z component of the collective pseudospin. At certain probe frequencies the differential light shift of the clock states vanishes, and the measurement is nonperturbing. In dense samples the measurement can be used to squeeze the collective clock pseudospin and has the potential to improve the performance of atomic clocks and interferometers.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.043001},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/AEWZ4AIT/PhysRevLett.96.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2WZQNF9Z/Chaudhury et al. - 2006 - Continuous Nondemolition Measurement of the Cs Clo.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.043001},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-28}
}

@Article{chen_finite-element_2010,
  Title                    = {Finite-element modeling of spontaneous emission of a quantum emitter at nanoscale proximity to plasmonic waveguides},
  Author                   = {Chen, Yuntian and Nielsen, Torben Roland and Gregersen, Niels and Lodahl, Peter and M{\o}rk, Jesper},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. B},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {125431},
  Volume                   = {81},

  Abstract                 = {We develop a self-consistent finite-element method to quantitatively study spontaneous emission from emitters in nanoscale proximity of plasmonic waveguides. In the model, it is assumed that only one guided mode is dominatingly excited by the quantum emitter, while the cross section of the plasmonic waveguide can be arbitrary. The fraction of the energy coupled to the plasmonic mode can be calculated exactly, which can be used to determine the efficiency with which single optical plasmons are generated. We apply our numerical method to calculate the coupling of a quantum emitter to a cylindrical metallic nanowire and a square metallic waveguide, and compare the cylindrical metallic nanowire with previous work that employs quasistatic approximation. For the cylindrical metallic nanowire we observe good agreement with the quasistatic approximation for radii below 10 nm, but for increasing radius the spontaneous emission 尾 factor and the plasmonic decay rate deviate substantially, by factors of up to 5鈥�10 for a radius of 鈭�100 nm, from the values obtained in the quasistatic approximation. We also show that the quasistatic approximation is typically valid when the radius is less than the skin depth of the metals at optical frequencies. For the square metallic waveguide we estimate an optimized value for the spontaneous emission 尾 factor up to 80\%.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125431},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DQDJGCZS/PhysRevB.81.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HIMKFIFD/Chen et al. - 2010 - Finite-element modeling of spontaneous emission of.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125431},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{chen_conditional_2011,
  Title                    = {Conditional {Spin} {Squeezing} of a {Large} {Ensemble} via the {Vacuum} {Rabi} {Splitting}},
  Author                   = {Chen, Zilong and Bohnet, Justin G. and Sankar, Shannon R. and Dai, Jiayan and Thompson, James K.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {13},
  Pages                    = {133601},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Abstract                 = {We use the vacuum Rabi splitting to perform quantum nondemolition measurements that prepare a conditionally spin squeezed state of a collective atomic psuedospin. We infer a 3.4(6) dB improvement in quantum phase estimation relative to the standard quantum limit for a coherent spin state composed of uncorrelated atoms. The measured collective spin is composed of the two-level clock states of nearly 106 Rb87 atoms confined inside a low finesse F=710 optical cavity. This technique may improve atomic sensor precision and/or bandwidth, and may lead to more precise tests of fundamental physics.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.133601},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MBBMPK36/PhysRevLett.106.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/PKTZZHRF/Chen et al. - 2011 - Conditional Spin Squeezing of a Large Ensemble via.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.133601},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-22}
}

@Article{chen_cavity-aided_2014,
  Title                    = {Cavity-aided nondemolition measurements for atom counting and spin squeezing},
  Author                   = {Chen, Zilong and Bohnet, Justin G. and Weiner, Joshua M. and Cox, Kevin C. and Thompson, James K.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {043837},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Abstract                 = {Probing the collective spin state of an ensemble of atoms may provide a means to reduce heating via the photon recoil associated with the measurement and provide a robust, scalable route for preparing highly entangled states with spectroscopic sensitivity below the standard quantum limit for coherent spin states. The collective probing relies on obtaining a very large optical depth that can be effectively increased by placing the ensemble within an optical cavity such that the probe light passes many times through the ensemble. Here we provide expressions for measurement resolution and spectroscopic enhancement in such cavity-aided nondemolition measurements as a function of the cavity detuning. In particular, fundamental limits on spectroscopic enhancements in 87Rb are considered.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.89.043837},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/NIA8NTVU/PhysRevA.89.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/P29BE5SS/Chen et al. - 2014 - Cavity-aided nondemolition measurements for atom c.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.043837},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{chou_measurement-induced_2005,
  Title                    = {Measurement-induced entanglement for excitation stored in remote atomic ensembles},
  Author                   = {Chou, C. W. and de Riedmatten, H. and Felinto, D. and Polyakov, S. V. and van Enk, S. J. and Kimble, H. J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {7069},
  Pages                    = {828--832},
  Volume                   = {438},

  Abstract                 = {A critical requirement for diverse applications in quantum information science is the capability to disseminate quantum resources over complex quantum networks. For example, the coherent distribution of entangled quantum states together with quantum memory (for storing the states) can enable scalable architectures for quantum computation, communication and metrology. Here we report observations of entanglement between two atomic ensembles located in distinct, spatially separated set-ups. Quantum interference in the detection of a photon emitted by one of the samples projects the otherwise independent ensembles into an entangled state with one joint excitation stored remotely in 105 atoms at each site. After a programmable delay, we confirm entanglement by mapping the state of the atoms to optical fields and measuring mutual coherences and photon statistics for these fields. We thereby determine a quantitative lower bound for the entanglement of the joint state of the ensembles. Our observations represent significant progress in the ability to distribute and store entangled quantum states.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2005 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature04353},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/KWI37PUQ/Chou et al. - 2005 - Measurement-induced entanglement for excitation st.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/4JH9HK3Z/nature04353.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/full/nature04353.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{cook_single-shot_2014,
  Title                    = {Single-shot quantum state estimation via a continuous measurement in the strong backaction regime},
  Author                   = {Cook, Robert L. and Riofr铆o, Carlos A. and Deutsch, Ivan H.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {032113},
  Volume                   = {90},

  Abstract                 = {We study quantum tomography based on a stochastic continuous-time measurement record obtained from a probe field collectively interacting with an ensemble of identically prepared systems. In comparison to previous studies, we consider here the case in which the measurement-induced backaction has a non-negligible effect on the dynamical evolution of the ensemble. We formulate a maximum likelihood estimate for the initial quantum state given only a single instance of the continuous diffusive measurement record. We apply our estimator to the simplest problem: state tomography of a single pure qubit, which, during the course of the measurement, is also subjected to dynamical control. We identify a regime where the many-body system is well approximated at all times by a separable pure spin coherent state, whose Bloch vector undergoes a conditional stochastic evolution. We simulate the results of our estimator and show that we can achieve close to the upper bound of fidelity set by the optimal generalized measurement. This estimate is compared to, and significantly outperforms, an equivalent estimator that ignores measurement backaction.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.90.032113},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/JH4JS2KQ/PhysRevA.90.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TGU25H37/Cook et al. - 2014 - Single-shot quantum state estimation via a continu.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.90.032113},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{dawkins_dispersive_2011,
  Title                    = {Dispersive {Optical} {Interface} {Based} on {Nanofiber}-{Trapped} {Atoms}},
  Author                   = {Dawkins, S. T. and Mitsch, R. and Reitz, D. and Vetsch, E. and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {243601},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Abstract                 = {We dispersively interface an ensemble of 1000 atoms trapped in the evanescent field surrounding a tapered optical nanofiber. This method relies on the azimuthally asymmetric coupling of the ensemble with the evanescent field of an off-resonant probe beam, transmitted through the nanofiber. The resulting birefringence and dispersion are significant; we observe a phase shift per atom of 鈭�1 mrad at a detuning of 6 times the natural linewidth, corresponding to an effective resonant optical density per atom of 0.027. Moreover, we utilize this strong dispersion to nondestructively determine the number of atoms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.243601},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/X3HFI6QK/PhysRevLett.107.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/EKU44V8N/Dawkins et al. - 2011 - Dispersive Optical Interface Based on Nanofiber-Tr.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.243601},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{deutsch_quantum_2010,
  Title                    = {Quantum control and measurement of atomic spins in polarization spectroscopy},
  Author                   = {Deutsch, Ivan H. and Jessen, Poul S.},
  Journal                  = {Optics Communications},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {681--694},
  Volume                   = {283},

  Abstract                 = {Quantum control and measurement are two sides of the same coin. To affect a dynamical map, well-designed time-dependent control fields must be applied to the system of interest. To read out the quantum state, information about the system must be transferred to a probe field. We study a particular example of this dual action in the context of quantum control and measurement of atomic spins through the light-shift interaction with an off-resonant optical probe. By introducing an irreducible tensor decomposition, we identify the coupling of the Stokes vector of the light field with moments of the atomic spin state. This shows how polarization spectroscopy can be used for continuous weak measurement of atomic observables that evolve as a function of time. Simultaneously, the state-dependent light shift induced by the probe field can drive nonlinear dynamics of the spin, and can be used to generate arbitrary unitary transformations on the atoms. We revisit the derivation of the master equation in order to give a unified description of spin dynamics in the presence of both nonlinear dynamics and photon scattering. Based on this formalism, we review applications to quantum control, including the design of state-to-state mappings, and quantum-state reconstruction via continuous weak measurement on a dynamically controlled ensemble.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.optcom.2009.10.059},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/8X4BXPVE/Deutsch and Jessen - 2010 - Quantum control and measurement of atomic spins in.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/SXZEGMSU/S0030401809010517.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0030-4018},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401809010517},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{deutsch_photonic_1995,
  Title                    = {Photonic band gaps in optical lattices},
  Author                   = {Deutsch, I. H. and Spreeuw, R. J. C. and Rolston, S. L. and Phillips, W. D.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1394--1410},
  Volume                   = {52},

  Abstract                 = {We study photonic band gaps in a one-dimensional optical lattice of laser-cooled trapped atoms. We solve for the self-consistent equilibrium positions of the atoms, accounting for the backaction of the atoms on the trapping beams. This solution depends strongly on the sign of the trapping laser detuning. For red-detuned trapping lasers, the resulting lattice exhibits a one-dimensional photonic band gap for frequencies between the trapping laser frequency and the atomic resonance. For blue detuning the stop band extends symmetrically about resonance, typically for hundreds of atomic linewidths, except for the small region between atomic resonance and the lattice frequency, which is excluded. We calculate the reflection spectrum for a lattice of Cs atoms for various trapping laser detunings and interpret its behavior as a function of the lattice size and density. For a mean density of 1011 cm鈭�3, and 1000 planes, 55\% reflection of a weak probe beam should be observed. We also consider Bragg scattering in a three-dimensional optical lattice as a means of probing the long-range order in the atomic density correlation function.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.52.1394},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/PWX8K9H2/PhysRevA.52.html:text/html},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.52.1394},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{domokos_quantum_2002,
  Title                    = {Quantum description of light-pulse scattering on a single atom in waveguides},
  Author                   = {Domokos, Peter and Horak, Peter and Ritsch, Helmut},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {033832},
  Volume                   = {65},

  Abstract                 = {We present a time-dependent quantum calculation of the scattering of a few-photon pulse on a single atom. The photon wave packet is assumed to propagate in a transversely strongly confined geometry, which ensures strong atom-light coupling and allows a quasi-one-dimensional treatment. The amplitude and phase of the transmitted, reflected, and transversely scattered part of the wave packet strongly depend on the pulse length (bandwidth) and energy. For a transverse mode size of the order of 位2, we find nonlinear behavior for a few photons already, or even for a single photon. In a second step we study the collision of two such wave packets at the atomic site and find striking differences between the Fock state and coherent state wave packets of the same photon number.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.65.033832},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BHCAWV8H/PhysRevA.65.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/8HCEPCXU/Domokos et al. - 2002 - Quantum description of light-pulse scattering on a.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.65.033832},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{duan_long-distance_2001,
  Title                    = {Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics},
  Author                   = {Duan, L.-M. and Lukin, M. D. and Cirac, J. I. and Zoller, P.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {6862},
  Pages                    = {413--418},
  Volume                   = {414},

  Abstract                 = {Quantum communication holds promise for absolutely secure transmission of secret messages and the faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum communication. However, owing to losses and decoherence in the channel, the communication fidelity decreases exponentially with the channel length. Here we describe a scheme that allows the implementation of robust quantum communication over long lossy channels. The scheme involves laser manipulation of atomic ensembles, beam splitters, and single-photon detectors with moderate efficiencies, and is therefore compatible with current experimental technology. We show that the communication efficiency scales polynomially with the channel length, and hence the scheme should be operable over very long distances.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2001 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/35106500},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/VVGBIUIS/Duan et al. - 2001 - Long-distance quantum communication with atomic en.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/99DP7CIX/414413a0.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/full/414413a0.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{dubost_efficient_2012,
  Title                    = {Efficient {Quantification} of {Non}-{Gaussian} {Spin} {Distributions}},
  Author                   = {Dubost, B. and Koschorreck, M. and Napolitano, M. and Behbood, N. and Sewell, R. J. and Mitchell, M. W.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {18},
  Pages                    = {183602},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Abstract                 = {We study theoretically and experimentally the quantification of non-Gaussian distributions via nondestructive measurements. Using the theory of cumulants, their unbiased estimators, and the uncertainties of these estimators, we describe a quantification which is simultaneously efficient, unbiased by measurement noise, and suitable for hypothesis tests, e.g., to detect nonclassical states. The theory is applied to cold Rb87 spin ensembles prepared in non-Gaussian states by optical pumping and measured by nondestructive Faraday rotation probing. We find an optimal use of measurement resources under realistic conditions, e.g., in atomic ensemble quantum memories.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.183602},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/36IQUTWQ/PhysRevLett.108.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/SDJ9KC2E/Dubost et al. - 2012 - Efficient Quantification of Non-Gaussian Spin Dist.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.183602},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{dung_spontaneous_2000,
  Title                    = {Spontaneous decay in the presence of dispersing and absorbing bodies: {General} theory and application to a spherical cavity},
  Author                   = {Dung, Ho Trung and Kn{\"o}ll, Ludwig and Welsch, Dirk-Gunnar},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {053804},
  Volume                   = {62},

  Abstract                 = {A formalism for studying spontaneous decay of an excited two-level atom in the presence of dispersing and absorbing dielectric bodies is developed. An integral equation, which is suitable for numerical solution, is derived for the atomic upper-state-probability amplitude. The emission pattern and the power spectrum of the emitted light are expressed in terms of the Green tensor of the dielectric-matter formation, including absorption and dispersion. The theory is applied to the spontaneous decay of an excited atom at the center of a three-layered spherical cavity, with the cavity wall being modeled by a band-gap dielectric of Lorentz type. Both weak and strong coupling are studied, the latter with a special emphasis on cases where the atomic transition is (i) in the normal-dispersion zone near the medium resonance, and (ii) in the anomalous-dispersion zone associated with the band gap. In a single-resonance approximation, conditions of the appearance of Rabi oscillations and closed solutions to the evolution of the atomic state population are derived, which are in good agreement with the exact numerical results.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.62.053804},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/UZIZSDGE/PhysRevA.62.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/Q54PA9ZS/Dung et al. - 2000 - Spontaneous decay in the presence of dispersing an.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Spontaneous decay in the presence of dispersing and absorbing bodies},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.62.053804},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{dzsotjan_quantum_2010,
  Title                    = {Quantum emitters coupled to surface plasmons of a nanowire: {A} {Green}'s function approach},
  Author                   = {Dzsotjan, David and S{\o}rensen, Anders S. and Fleischhauer, Michael},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. B},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {075427},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Abstract                 = {We investigate a system consisting of a single, as well as two emitters strongly coupled to surface plasmon modes of a nanowire using a Green鈥檚 function approach. Explicit expressions are derived for the spontaneous decay rate into the plasmon modes and for the atom-plasmon coupling as well as a plasmon-mediated atom-atom coupling. Phenomena due to the presence of losses in the metal are discussed. In case of two atoms, we observe Dicke subradiance and superradiance resulting from their plasmon-mediated interaction. Based on this phenomenon, we propose a scheme for a deterministic two-qubit quantum gate. We also discuss a possible realization of interesting many-body Hamiltonians, such as the spin-boson model, using strong emitter-plasmon coupling.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevB.82.075427},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HJDK672F/PhysRevB.82.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/X6QBIU7C/Dzsotjan et al. - 2010 - Quantum emitters coupled to surface plasmons of a .pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Quantum emitters coupled to surface plasmons of a nanowire},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.075427},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-05}
}

@Article{eckert_quantum_2008,
  Title                    = {Quantum non-demolition detection of strongly correlated systems},
  Author                   = {Eckert, Kai and Romero-Isart, Oriol and Rodriguez, Mirta and Lewenstein, Maciej and Polzik, Eugene S. and Sanpera, Anna},
  Journal                  = {Nat Phys},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {50--54},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {Preparation, manipulation and detection of strongly correlated states of quantum many-body systems are among the most important goals and challenges of modern physics. Ultracold atoms offer an unprecedented playground for the realization of these goals. Here, we propose a method for detecting strongly correlated states of ultracold atoms in a quantum non-demolition scheme, that is, in the fundamentally least destructive way permitted by quantum mechanics. In our method, spatially resolved components of atomic spins couple to quantum polarization degrees of freedom of light. In this way, quantum correlations of matter are faithfully mapped on those of light; the latter can then be efficiently measured using homodyne detection. We illustrate the power of such spatially resolved quantum-noise-limited polarization measurement by applying this method to the detection of various standard and 鈥榚xotic鈥� types of antiferromagnetic order in lattice systems, and by indicating the feasibility of detection of superfluid order in Fermi liquids.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2007 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nphys776},
  File                     = {Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GVSC9733/nphys776.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1745-2473},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v4/n1/full/nphys776.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{eisaman_electromagnetically_2005,
  Title                    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with tunable single-photon pulses},
  Author                   = {Eisaman, M. D. and Andr茅, A. and Massou, F. and Fleischhauer, M. and Zibrov, A. S. and Lukin, M. D.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {7069},
  Pages                    = {837--841},
  Volume                   = {438},

  Abstract                 = {Techniques to facilitate controlled interactions between single photons and atoms are now being actively explored. These techniques are important for the practical realization of quantum networks, in which multiple memory nodes that utilize atoms for generation, storage and processing of quantum states are connected by single-photon transmission in optical fibres. One promising avenue for the realization of quantum networks involves the manipulation of quantum pulses of light in optically dense atomic ensembles using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT, refs 8, 9). EIT is a coherent control technique that is widely used for controlling the propagation of classical, multi-photon light pulses in applications such as efficient nonlinear optics. Here we demonstrate the use of EIT for the controllable generation, transmission and storage of single photons with tunable frequency, timing and bandwidth. We study the interaction of single photons produced in a 'source' ensemble of 87Rb atoms at room temperature with another 'target' ensemble. This allows us to simultaneously probe the spectral and quantum statistical properties of narrow-bandwidth single-photon pulses, revealing that their quantum nature is preserved under EIT propagation and storage. We measure the time delay associated with the reduced group velocity of the single-photon pulses and report observations of their storage and retrieval.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2005 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature04327},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/7474GMSV/Eisaman et al. - 2005 - Electromagnetically induced transparency with tuna.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/WVBKDIE9/nature04327.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/full/nature04327.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{fan_input-output_2010,
  Title                    = {Input-output formalism for few-photon transport in one-dimensional nanophotonic waveguides coupled to a qubit},
  Author                   = {Fan, Shanhui and Kocaba{\c{s}}, {\c{S}}{\"u}kr{\"u} Ekin and Shen, Jung-Tsung},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {063821},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Abstract                 = {We extend the input-output formalism of quantum optics to analyze few-photon transport in waveguides with an embedded qubit. We provide explicit analytical derivations for one- and two-photon scattering matrix elements based on operator equations in the Heisenberg picture.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.82.063821},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GCQVMMG9/PhysRevA.82.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FPJ38CAN/Fan et al. - 2010 - Input-output formalism for few-photon transport in.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.82.063821},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{fernholz_spin_2008,
  Title                    = {Spin {Squeezing} of {Atomic} {Ensembles} via {Nuclear}-{Electronic} {Spin} {Entanglement}},
  Author                   = {Fernholz, T. and Krauter, H. and Jensen, K. and Sherson, J. F. and S酶rensen, A. S. and Polzik, E. S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {073601},
  Volume                   = {101},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate spin squeezing in a room temperature ensemble of 鈮�1012 cesium atoms using their internal structure, where the necessary entanglement is created between nuclear and electronic spins of each individual atom. This state provides improvement in measurement sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit for quantum memory experiments and applications in quantum metrology and is thus a complementary alternative to spin squeezing obtained via interatom entanglement. Squeezing of the collective spin is verified by quantum state tomography.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.073601},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/3UXIWNZ3/PhysRevLett.101.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/U5BATAJU/Fernholz et al. - 2008 - Spin Squeezing of Atomic Ensembles via Nuclear-Ele.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.073601},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{frawley_higher_2012,
  Title                    = {Higher order mode propagation in an optical nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Frawley, Mary C. and Petcu-Colan, Alex and Truong, Viet Giang and Nic Chormaic, S铆le},
  Journal                  = {Optics Communications},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {4648--4654},
  Volume                   = {285},

  Abstract                 = {The propagation of higher modes, such as the LP11 mode, in optical nanofibers using the exponentially tapered optical fiber as a basic model is investigated. In order to preserve the LP11 mode in the downtaper as far as the nanofiber waist, the effect of varying the cladding-core radius ratio on the LP11 adiabatic criterion is modeled. A Laguerre鈥揋aussian beam is created in free space using a spatial light modulator (SLM) and coupled to a few-mode fiber. This device allows convenient switching between the fundamental and LP11 fiber modes. By selecting a few-mode fiber with a relatively low cladding-core ratio, the propagation of the LP11 mode down to a submicron waist has been maintained. Furthermore, by observing the transmission profile during tapering, it is possible to decisively terminate the pulling process in order to eliminate the two degenerate HE21 modes of the LP11 mode. As a result, a nanofiber can be fabricated through which only the TE01 and TM01 components of the LP11 mode propagate. Such a nanofiber has promising applications in the area of mode interference for controlled particle trapping sites.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.optcom.2012.05.016},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/ASKB4WTH/Frawley et al. - 2012 - Higher order mode propagation in an optical nanofi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MU7KPPNW/S0030401812004294.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0030-4018},
  Keywords                 = {Fiber modes, Higher order modes, optical nanofibers, Tapered optical fibers},
  Series                   = {Special {Issue}: {Optical} micro/nanofibers: {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401812004294},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{fussell_decay_2005,
  Title                    = {Decay rate and level shift in a circular dielectric waveguide},
  Author                   = {Fussell, D. P. and McPhedran, R. C. and Martijn de Sterke, C.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {013815},
  Volume                   = {71},

  Abstract                 = {Using a Green tensor formalism, we perform a comprehensive investigation into the spontaneous emission decay rate and energy-level shift in a circular dielectric waveguide. The two-dimensional (2D) Green tensor for an embedded line source and 3D Green tensor for a point source are obtained by a combination of Fourier integral and multipole methods. We fully characterize resonant states, which include whispering gallery modes, and examine the associated cavitylike effects. The quality factor of resonant states increases with frequency, resulting in a strongly enhanced decay rate and a large anomalous level shift in both the 2D and 3D cases.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.71.013815},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/AANW6KX6/PhysRevA.71.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/IW9774D5/Fussell et al. - 2005 - Decay rate and level shift in a circular dielectri.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.71.013815},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{gardiner_input_1985,
  Title                    = {Input and output in damped quantum systems: {Quantum} stochastic differential equations and the master equation},
  Author                   = {Gardiner, C. W. and Collett, M. J.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1985},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {3761--3774},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Abstract                 = {We develop a formulation of quantum damping theory in which the explicit nature of inputs from a heat bath, and of outputs into it, is taken into account. Quantum Langevin equations are developed, in which the Langevin forces are the field operators corresponding to the input modes. Time-reversed equations exist in which the Langevin forces are the output modes, and the sign of damping is reversed. Causality and boundary conditions relating inputs to system variables are developed. The concept of 鈥樷�榪uantum white noise鈥欌�� is formulated, and the formal relationship between quantum Langevin equations and quantum stochastic differential equations (SDE鈥檚) is established. In analogy to the classical formulation, there are two kinds of SDE鈥檚: the Ito and the Stratonovich forms. Rules are developed for converting from one to the other. These rules depend on the nature of the quantum white noise, which may be squeezed. The SDE鈥檚 developed are shown to be exactly equivalent to quantum master equations, and rules are developed for computing multitime-ordered correlation functions with use of the appropriate master equation. With use of the causality and boundary conditions, the relationship between correlation functions of the output and those of the system and the input is developed. It is possible to calculate what kind of output statistics result, provided that one knows the input statistics and provided that one can compute the system correlation functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.31.3761},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/IX6559TP/PhysRevA.31.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/UJ5QRNUK/Gardiner and Collett - 1985 - Input and output in damped quantum systems Quantu.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Input and output in damped quantum systems},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.31.3761},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-28}
}

@Article{geremia_tensor_2006,
  Title                    = {Tensor polarizability and dispersive quantum measurement of multilevel atoms},
  Author                   = {Geremia, J. M. and Stockton, John K. and Mabuchi, Hideo},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {042112},
  Volume                   = {73},

  Abstract                 = {Optimally extracting information from measurements performed on a physical system requires an accurate model of the measurement interaction. Continuously probing the collective spin of an alkali-metal atom cloud via its interaction with an off-resonant optical probe is an important example of such a measurement where realistic modeling at the quantum level is possible using standard techniques from atomic physics. Typically, however, tutorial descriptions of this technique have neglected the multilevel structure of realistic atoms for the sake of simplification. We account for the full multilevel structure of alkali-metal atoms and derive the irreducible form of the polarizability Hamiltonian describing a typical dispersive quantum measurement. For a specific set of parameters, we then show that semiclassical predictions of the theory are consistent with our experimental observations of polarization scattering by a polarized cloud of laser-cooled cesium atoms. We also derive the signal-to-noise ratio under a single-measurement trial and use this to predict the rate of spin squeezing with multilevel alkali-metal atoms for arbitrary detuning of the probe beam.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.73.042112},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/XT8RI6AI/PhysRevA.73.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2R2QTTMR/Geremia et al. - 2006 - Tensor polarizability and dispersive quantum measu.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.73.042112},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{glauber_quantum_1991,
  Title                    = {Quantum optics of dielectric media},
  Author                   = {Glauber, Roy J. and Lewenstein, M.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {467--491},
  Volume                   = {43},

  Abstract                 = {We discuss the quantum fluctuations of the fields associated with a broad class of optical scattering and transmission problems by developing the quantum electrodynamics of an idealized linear, but nonuniform, dielectric medium. We present and compare two quantization schemes for this purpose. The first is based on the expansion of the field in terms of a set of single-frequency solutions of the Maxwell equations. The second involves expanding the field in the set of plane-wave solutions of the Maxwell equations in the vacuum. The relation between the two quantization schemes is discussed in the framework of the scattering theory that connects them. The methods presented are used to show that various field components within a dielectric medium may be either superfluctuant or subfluctuant relative to their fundamental uncertainties in the vacuum. These alterations of the fluctuation properties of the fields are shown to lead to changes in the spontaneous emission rates for both electric and magnetic dipole transitions of excited atoms within or near dielectric media. We also analyze the quantum properties of the transition radiation emitted by a fast charged particle in passing from one dielectric medium to another.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.43.467},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/6DH5FE4R/PhysRevA.43.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RDU2A8N7/Glauber and Lewenstein - 1991 - Quantum optics of dielectric media.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.43.467},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-25}
}

@Article{goban_superradiance_2015,
  Title                    = {Superradiance for atoms trapped along a photonic crystal waveguide},
  Author                   = {Goban, A. and Hung, C.-L. and Hood, J. D. and Yu, S.-P. and Muniz, J. A. and Painter, O. and Kimble, H. J.},
  Journal                  = {arXiv:1503.04503 [physics, physics:quant-ph]},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = mar,
  Note                     = {arXiv: 1503.04503},

  Abstract                 = {We report observations of superradiance for atoms trapped in the near field of a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW). By fabricating the PCW with a band edge near the D\$\_1\$ transition of atomic cesium, strong interaction is achieved between trapped atoms and guided-mode photons. Following short-pulse excitation, we record the decay of guided-mode emission and find a superradiant emission rate scaling as \${\textbackslash}bar\{{\textbackslash}Gamma\}\_\{{\textbackslash}rm SR\}{\textbackslash}propto{\textbackslash}bar\{N\}{\textbackslash}cdot{\textbackslash}Gamma\_\{{\textbackslash}rm 1D\}\$ for average atom number \$0.19 {\textbackslash}lesssim {\textbackslash}bar\{N\} {\textbackslash}lesssim 2.6\$ atoms, where \${\textbackslash}Gamma\_\{{\textbackslash}rm 1D\}/{\textbackslash}Gamma\_0 =1.1{\textbackslash}pm0.1\$ is the peak single-atom radiative decay rate into the PCW guided mode and \${\textbackslash}Gamma\_\{0\}\$ is the Einstein-\$A\$ coefficient for free space. These advances provide new tools for investigations of photon-mediated atom-atom interactions in the many-body regime.},
  File                     = {arXiv\:1503.04503 PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/JV6EDM9E/Goban et al. - 2015 - Superradiance for atoms trapped along a photonic c.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/5N3X3Q7U/1503.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Physics - Atomic Physics, Physics - Optics, Quantum Physics},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.04503},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{goban_atomlight_2014,
  Title                    = {Atom鈥搇ight interactions in photonic crystals},
  Author                   = {Goban, A. and Hung, C.-L. and Yu, S.-P. and Hood, J. D. and Muniz, J. A. and Lee, J. H. and Martin, M. J. and McClung, A. C. and Choi, K. S. and Chang, D. E. and Painter, O. and Kimble, H. J.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Commun},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = may,
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {The integration of nanophotonics and atomic physics has been a long-sought goal that would open new frontiers for optical physics, including novel quantum transport and many-body phenomena with photon-mediated atomic interactions. Reaching this goal requires surmounting diverse challenges in nanofabrication and atomic manipulation. Here we report the development of a novel integrated optical circuit with a photonic crystal capable of both localizing and interfacing atoms with guided photons. Optical bands of a photonic crystal waveguide are aligned with selected atomic transitions. From reflection spectra measured with average atom number , we infer that atoms are localized within the waveguide by optical dipole forces. The fraction of single-atom radiative decay into the waveguide is 螕1D/螕鈥测墐(0.32卤0.08), where 螕1D is the rate of emission into the guided mode and 螕鈥� is the decay rate into all other channels. 螕1D/螕鈥� is unprecedented in all current atom鈥損hoton interfaces.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2014 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/ncomms4808},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/8UXZ5TNG/Goban et al. - 2014 - Atom鈥搇ight interactions in photonic crystals.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/ISNZI35P/ncomms4808.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Atomic and molecular physics, Optical physics, Physical sciences},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140508/ncomms4808/full/ncomms4808.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-25}
}

@Article{gonzalez-tudela_deterministic_2015,
  Title                    = {Deterministic generation of arbitrary photonic states assisted by dissipation},
  Author                   = {Gonz谩lez-Tudela, A. and Paulisch, V. and Chang, D. E. and Kimble, H. J. and Cirac, J. I.},
  Journal                  = {arXiv:1504.07600 [quant-ph]},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = apr,
  Note                     = {arXiv: 1504.07600},

  Abstract                 = {A scheme to utilize atom-like emitters coupled to nanophotonic waveguides is proposed for the generation of many-body entangled states and for the reversible mapping of these states of matter to photonic states of an optical pulse in the waveguide. Our protocol makes use of decoherence-free subspaces (DFS) for the atomic emitters with coherent evolution within the DFS enforced by strong dissipative coupling to the waveguide. By switching from subradiant to superradiant states, entangled atomic states are mapped to photonic states with high fidelity. An implementation using ultracold atoms coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide is discussed.},
  File                     = {arXiv\:1504.07600 PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/KNHX8K73/Gonz谩lez-Tudela et al. - 2015 - Deterministic generation of arbitrary photonic sta.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DZ9H778S/1504.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Quantum Physics},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.07600},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{gouraud_demonstration_2015,
  Title                    = {Demonstration of a {Memory} for {Tightly} {Guided} {Light} in an {Optical} {Nanofiber}},
  Author                   = {Gouraud, B. and Maxein, D. and Nicolas, A. and Morin, O. and Laurat, J.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {18},
  Pages                    = {180503},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Abstract                 = {We report the experimental observation of slow-light and coherent storage in a setting where light is tightly confined in the transverse directions. By interfacing a tapered optical nanofiber with a cold atomic ensemble, electromagnetically induced transparency is observed and light pulses at the single-photon level are stored in and retrieved from the atomic medium. The decay of efficiency with storage time is also measured and related to concurrent decoherence mechanisms. Collapses and revivals can be additionally controlled by an applied magnetic field. Our results based on subdiffraction-limited optical mode interacting with atoms via the strong evanescent field demonstrate an alternative to free-space focusing and a novel capability for information storage in an all-fibered quantum network.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.180503},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/G8C5A4BV/PhysRevLett.114.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/XNHUA2C5/Gouraud et al. - 2015 - Demonstration of a Memory for Tightly Guided Light.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.180503},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{grover_photon-correlation_2015,
  Title                    = {Photon-correlation measurements of atomic-cloud temperature using an optical nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Grover, J. A. and Solano, P. and Orozco, L. A. and Rolston, S. L.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {013850},
  Volume                   = {92},

  Abstract                 = {We develop a temperature measurement of an atomic cloud based on the temporal correlations of fluorescence photons evanescently coupled into an optical nanofiber. We measure the temporal width of the intensity-intensity correlation function due to atomic transit time and use it to determine the most probable atomic velocity, hence the temperature. This technique agrees well with standard time-of-flight temperature measurements. We confirm our results with trajectory simulations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.92.013850},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GWKH3BI2/PhysRevA.92.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MBJJD4Q3/Grover et al. - 2015 - Photon-correlation measurements of atomic-cloud te.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.013850},
  Urldate                  = {2015-09-03}
}

@Article{hafezi_atomic_2012,
  Title                    = {Atomic interface between microwave and optical photons},
  Author                   = {Hafezi, M. and Kim, Z. and Rolston, S. L. and Orozco, L. A. and Lev, B. L. and Taylor, J. M.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {020302},
  Volume                   = {85},

  Abstract                 = {A complete physical approach to quantum information requires a robust interface among flying qubits, long-lifetime memory, and computational qubits. Here we present a unified interface for microwave and optical photons, potentially connecting engineerable quantum devices such as superconducting qubits at long distances through optical photons. Our approach uses an ultracold ensemble of atoms for two purposes: quantum memory and to transduce excitations between the two frequency domains. Using coherent control techniques, we examine an approach for converting and storing quantum information between microwave photons in superconducting resonators, ensembles of ultracold atoms, and optical photons, as well as a method for transferring information between two resonators.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.85.020302},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/KKX39W95/PhysRevA.85.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2K29VGD9/Hafezi et al. - 2012 - Atomic interface between microwave and optical pho.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.85.020302},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{hakuta_manipulating_2012,
  Title                    = {Manipulating single atoms and photons using optical nanofibers},
  Author                   = {Hakuta, Kohzo and Nayak, Kali Prasanna},
  Journal                  = {Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {015005},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Abstract                 = {We discuss how optical nanofibers, subwavelength-diameter fibers, can open new perspectives in quantum optical technologies theoretically and experimentally. Discussions are mainly focused on the manipulation of spontaneous emission for atoms around the nanofiber. We show that photons from single quantum emitters can be efficiently channeled into guided modes of the nanofiber. Especially by fabricating a cavity structure of the nanofiber, the channeling efficiency can be improved to exceed 80\% although the cavity finesse is moderate. We discuss also how to realize such a nanofiber cavity experimentally.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/2043-6262/3/1/015005},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RQDK4D5C/Hakuta and Nayak - 2012 - Manipulating single atoms and photons using optica.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/W278FS5M/015005.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {2043-6262},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/2043-6262/3/1/015005},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{hammerer_quantum_2010,
  Title                    = {Quantum interface between light and atomic ensembles},
  Author                   = {Hammerer, Klemens and S酶rensen, Anders S. and Polzik, Eugene S.},
  Journal                  = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1041--1093},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Abstract                 = {During the past decade the interaction of light with multiatom ensembles has attracted much attention as a basic building block for quantum information processing and quantum state engineering. The field started with the realization that optically thick free space ensembles can be efficiently interfaced with quantum optical fields. By now the atomic ensemble-light interfaces have become a powerful alternative to the cavity-enhanced interaction of light with single atoms. Various mechanisms used for the quantum interface are discussed, including quantum nondemolition or Faraday interaction, quantum measurement and feedback, Raman interaction, photon echo, and electromagnetically induced transparency. This review provides a common theoretical frame for these processes, describes basic experimental techniques and media used for quantum interfaces, and reviews several key experiments on quantum memory for light, quantum entanglement between atomic ensembles and light, and quantum teleportation with atomic ensembles. The two types of quantum measurements which are most important for the interface are discussed: homodyne detection and photon counting. This review concludes with an outlook on the future of atomic ensembles as an enabling technology in quantum information processing.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1041},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/UWI5HTP5/RevModPhys.82.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DZGV6URH/Hammerer et al. - 2010 - Quantum interface between light and atomic ensembl.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1041},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{hoffman_ultrahigh_2014,
  Title                    = {Ultrahigh transmission optical nanofibers},
  Author                   = {Hoffman, J. E. and Ravets, S. and Grover, J. A. and Solano, P. and Kordell, P. R. and Wong-Campos, J. D. and Orozco, L. A. and Rolston, S. L.},
  Journal                  = {AIP Advances},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {067124},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {We present a procedure for reproducibly fabricating ultrahigh transmission optical nanofibers (530 nm diameter and 84 mm stretch) with single-mode transmissions of 99.95 卤 0.02\%, which represents a loss from tapering of 2.6 脳 10鈭�5 dB/mm when normalized to the entire stretch. When controllably launching the next family of higher-order modes on a fiber with 195 mm stretch, we achieve a transmission of 97.8 卤 2.8\%, which has a loss from tapering of 5.0 脳 10鈭�4 dB/mm when normalized to the entire stretch. Our pulling and transfer procedures allow us to fabricate optical nanofibers that transmit more than 400 mW in high vacuum conditions. These results, published as parameters in our previous work, present an improvement of two orders of magnitude less loss for the fundamental mode and an increase in transmission of more than 300\% for higher-order modes, when following the protocols detailed in this paper. We extract from the transmission during the pull, the only reported spectrogram of a fundamental mode launch that does not include excitation to asymmetric modes; in stark contrast to a pull in which our cleaning protocol is not followed. These results depend critically on the pre-pull cleanliness and when properly following our pulling protocols are in excellent agreement with simulations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1063/1.4879799},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HIQTWA52/Hoffman et al. - 2014 - Ultrahigh transmission optical nanofibers.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MMMNNIPT/1.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {2158-3226},
  Keywords                 = {Buckling, Evaporation, Flames, Optical fiber testing, Optical microscopes},
  Url                      = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/adva/4/6/10.1063/1.4879799},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{hung_trapped_2013,
  Title                    = {Trapped atoms in one-dimensional photonic crystals},
  Author                   = {Hung, C.-L. and Meenehan, S. M. and Chang, D. E. and Painter, O. and Kimble, H. J.},
  Journal                  = {New J. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {083026},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Abstract                 = {We describe one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals that support a guided mode suitable for atom trapping within a unit cell, as well as a second probe mode with strong atom鈥損hoton interactions. A new hybrid trap is analyzed that combines optical and Casimir鈥揚older forces to form stable traps for neutral atoms in dielectric nanostructures. By suitable design of the band structure, the atomic spontaneous emission rate into the probe mode can exceed the rate into all other modes by more than tenfold. The unprecedented single-atom reflectivity r0聽鈮陈�0.9 for the guided probe field should enable diverse investigations of photon-mediated interactions for 1D atom chains and cavity quantum electrodynamics.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/083026},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/U8A8HD5U/Hung et al. - 2013 - Trapped atoms in one-dimensional photonic crystals.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/9K7Z7JAQ/083026.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1367-2630},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/15/8/083026},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-25}
}

@Article{inoue_unconditional_2013,
  Title                    = {Unconditional {Quantum}-{Noise} {Suppression} via {Measurement}-{Based} {Quantum} {Feedback}},
  Author                   = {Inoue, Ryotaro and Tanaka, Shin-Ichi-Ro and Namiki, Ryo and Sagawa, Takahiro and Takahashi, Yoshiro},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {16},
  Pages                    = {163602},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate unconditional quantum-noise suppression in a collective spin system via feedback control based on quantum nondemolition measurement. We perform shot-noise limited collective spin measurements on an ensemble of 3.7脳105 laser-cooled Yb171 atoms in their spin-1/2 ground states. Correlation between two sequential quantum nondemolition measurements indicates 鈭�0.80鈭�0.12+0.11 dB quantum-noise suppression in a conditional manner. Our feedback control successfully converts the conditional quantum-noise suppression into the unconditional one without significant loss of the noise reduction level.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.163602},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DCXRUGNV/PhysRevLett.110.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/J5XBMA2R/Inoue et al. - 2013 - Unconditional Quantum-Noise Suppression via Measur.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.163602},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{itah_direct_2010,
  Title                    = {Direct {Observation} of a {Sub}-{Poissonian} {Number} {Distribution} of {Atoms} in an {Optical} {Lattice}},
  Author                   = {Itah, Amir and Veksler, Hagar and Lahav, Oren and Blumkin, Alex and Moreno, Coral and Gordon, Carmit and Steinhauer, Jeff},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {113001},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {We report single-site resolution in a lattice with tunneling between sites, allowing for an in situ study of stochastic losses. The ratio of the loss rate to the tunneling rate is seen to determine the number fluctuations, and the overall profile of the lattice. Sub-Poissonian number fluctuations are observed. Deriving the lattice beams from a microlens array results in perfect relative stability between beams.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.113001},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/EPXUP536/PhysRevLett.104.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/QUC7ZZFF/Itah et al. - 2010 - Direct Observation of a Sub-Poissonian Number Dist.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.113001},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-10}
}

@Article{jacobs_straightforward_2006,
  Title                    = {A straightforward introduction to continuous quantum measurement},
  Author                   = {Jacobs, Kurt and Steck, Daniel A.},
  Journal                  = {Contemporary Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {279--303},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Abstract                 = {We present a pedagogical treatment of the formalism of continuous quantum measurement. Our aim is to show the reader how the equations describing such measurements are derived and manipulated in a direct manner. We also give elementary background material for those new to measurement theory, and describe further various aspects of continuous measurements that should be helpful to those wanting to use such measurements in applications. Specifically, we use the simple and direct approach of generalized measurements to derive the stochastic master equation describing the continuous measurements of observables, give a tutorial on stochastic calculus, treat multiple observers and inefficient detection, examine a general form of the measurement master equation, and show how the master equation leads to information gain and disturbance. To conclude, we give a detailed treatment of imaging the resonance fluorescence from a single atom as a concrete example of how a continuous position measurement arises in a physical system.},
  Doi                      = {10.1080/00107510601101934},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/6EMKA87N/Jacobs and Steck - 2006 - A straightforward introduction to continuous quant.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2M9NU87X/00107510601101934.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0010-7514},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107510601101934},
  Urldate                  = {2015-06-22}
}

@Article{julsgaard_experimental_2001,
  Title                    = {Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects},
  Author                   = {Julsgaard, Brian and Kozhekin, Alexander and Polzik, Eugene S.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {6854},
  Pages                    = {400--403},
  Volume                   = {413},

  Abstract                 = {Entanglement is considered to be one of the most profound features of quantum mechanics. An entangled state of a system consisting of two subsystems cannot be described as a product of the quantum states of the two subsystems. In this sense, the entangled system is considered inseparable and non-local. It is generally believed that entanglement is usually manifest in systems consisting of a small number of microscopic particles. Here we demonstrate experimentally the entanglement of two macroscopic objects, each consisting of a caesium gas sample containing about 1012 atoms. Entanglement is generated via interaction of the samples with a pulse of light, which performs a non-local Bell measurement on the collective spins of the samples. The entangled spin-state can be maintained for 0.5 milliseconds. Besides being of fundamental interest, we expect the robust and long-lived entanglement of material objects demonstrated here to be useful in quantum information processing, including teleportation of quantum states of matter and quantum memory.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2001 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/35096524},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TF28KHNH/Julsgaard et al. - 2001 - Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macros.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/3IJK9TT7/413400a0.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6854/abs/413400a0.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{kato_strong_2015,
  Title                    = {Strong coupling between a trapped single atom and an all-fiber cavity},
  Author                   = {Kato, Shinya and Aoki, Takao},
  Journal                  = {arXiv:1505.06774 [physics, physics:quant-ph]},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = may,
  Note                     = {arXiv: 1505.06774},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate an all-fiber cavity QED system with a trapped single atom in the strong coupling regime. We use a nanofiber Fabry-Perot cavity, that is, an optical nanofiber sandwiched by two fiber-Bragg-grating mirrors. Measurements of the cavity transmission spectrum with a single atom in a state-insensitive nanofiber trap clearly reveal the vacuum Rabi splitting. Our system provides a simple and robust implementation of a large-scale all-fiber quantum network.},
  File                     = {arXiv\:1505.06774 PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GEVKVWH9/Kato and Aoki - 2015 - Strong coupling between a trapped single atom and .pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MARXRV2S/1505.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Physics - Optics, Quantum Physics},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.06774},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-27}
}

@Article{kien_field_2004,
  Title                    = {Field intensity distributions and polarization orientations in a vacuum-clad subwavelength-diameter optical fiber},
  Author                   = {Kien, Fam Le and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K. and Balykin, V. I.},
  Journal                  = {Optics Communications},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {4鈥�6},
  Pages                    = {445--455},
  Volume                   = {242},

  Abstract                 = {We study the properties of the field in the fundamental mode HE11 of a vacuum-clad subwavelength-diameter optical fiber using the exact solutions of Maxwell鈥檚 equations. We obtain simple analytical expressions for the total intensity of the electric field. We discuss the origin of the deviations of the exact fundamental mode HE11 from the approximate mode LP01. We show that the thin thickness of the fiber and the high contrast between the refractive indices of the silica core and the vacuum-clad substantially modify the intensity distributions and the polarization properties of the field and its components, especially in the vicinity of the fiber surface. One of the promising applications of the field around the subwavelength-diameter fiber is trapping and guiding of atoms by the optical force of the evanescent field.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.optcom.2004.08.044},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/PAVH56VJ/Kien et al. - 2004 - Field intensity distributions and polarization ori.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/QM6EPSUT/S0030401804008739.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0030-4018},
  Keywords                 = {Field intensity distribution, Fundamental mode, Polarization orientation, Subwavelength-diameter optical fiber},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401804008739},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{kien_dynamical_2013,
  Title                    = {Dynamical polarizability of atoms in arbitrary light fields: general theory and application to cesium},
  Author                   = {Kien, Fam Le and Schneeweiss, Philipp and Rauschenbeutel, Arno},
  Journal                  = {Eur. Phys. J. D},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1--16},
  Volume                   = {67},

  Abstract                 = {We present a systematic derivation of the dynamical polarizability and the ac Stark shift of the ground and excited states of atoms interacting with a far-off-resonance light field of arbitrary polarization. We calculate the scalar, vector, and tensor polarizabilities of atomic cesium using resonance wavelengths and reduced matrix elements for a large number of transitions. We analyze the properties of the fictitious magnetic field produced by the vector polarizability in conjunction with the ellipticity of the polarization of the light field.},
  Doi                      = {10.1140/epjd/e2013-30729-x},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/328IQWXA/Kien et al. - 2013 - Dynamical polarizability of atoms in arbitrary lig.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/AR6SC8K8/10.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1434-6060, 1434-6079},
  Keywords                 = {Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Physical Chemistry, Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics, Quantum Optics, Quantum Physics, Spectroscopy/Spectrometry},
  Language                 = {en},
  Shorttitle               = {Dynamical polarizability of atoms in arbitrary light fields},
  Url                      = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjd/e2013-30729-x},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{kitagawa_squeezed_1993,
  Title                    = {Squeezed spin states},
  Author                   = {Kitagawa, Masahiro and Ueda, Masahito},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {5138--5143},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Abstract                 = {The basic concept of squeezed spin states is established and the principles for their generation are discussed. Two proposed mechanisms, referred to as one-axis twisting and two-axis countertwisting, are shown to reduce the standard quantum noise S/2 of the coherent S-spin state down to 1/2(S/3)1/3 and 1/2, respectively. Implementations of spin squeezing in interferometers are also discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.47.5138},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/725VJESD/PhysRevA.47.html:text/html},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.47.5138},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-30}
}

@Article{klimov_spontaneous_2004,
  Title                    = {Spontaneous emission rate of an excited atom placed near a nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Klimov, V. V. and Ducloy, M.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {013812},
  Volume                   = {69},

  Abstract                 = {The spontaneous decay rate of an excited atom placed near a dielectric cylinder is investigated. Special attention is paid to the case when the cylinder radius is small in comparison with radiation wavelength (nanofiber or photonic wire). In this case, the analytical expressions of the transition rates for different orientations of a dipole are derived. It is shown that the main contribution to decay rates is due to the quasistatic interaction of the atom dipole momentum with the nanofiber, and the contributions of guided modes are exponentially small. On the contrary, in the case when the radius of the fiber is only slightly less than the radiation wavelength, the influence of guided modes can be substantial. The results obtained are compared with the case of a dielectric nanospheroid and an ideally conducting wire.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.69.013812},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/87AUAI6V/PhysRevA.69.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MGERF5HX/Klimov and Ducloy - 2004 - Spontaneous emission rate of an excited atom place.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.69.013812},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{kumar_autler-townes_2015,
  Title                    = {Autler-{Townes} splitting via frequency up-conversion at ultralow-power levels in cold \${\textasciicircum}\{87\}{\textbackslash}mathrm\{{Rb}\}\$ atoms using an optical nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Kumar, Ravi and Gokhroo, Vandna and Deasy, Kieran and Chormaic, S铆le Nic},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {053842},
  Volume                   = {91},

  Abstract                 = {The tight confinement of the evanescent light field around the waist of an optical nanofiber makes it a suitable tool for studying nonlinear optics in atomic media. Here, we use an optical nanofiber embedded in a cloud of laser-cooled Rb87 for near-infrared frequency up-conversion via a resonant two-photon process. Sub-nW powers of the two-photon radiation, at 780 and 776 nm, copropagate through the optical nanofiber and the generation of 420 nm photons is observed. A measurement of the Autler-Townes splitting provides a direct measurement of the Rabi frequency of the 780 nm transition. Through this method, dephasings of the system can be studied. In this work, the optical nanofiber is used as an excitation and detection tool simultaneously, and it highlights some of the advantages of using fully fibered systems for nonlinear optics with atoms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.91.053842},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DG857R36/PhysRevA.91.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RIR9STC6/Kumar et al. - 2015 - Autler-Townes splitting via frequency up-conversio.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.053842},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-27}
}

@Article{kumar_interaction_2015,
  Title                    = {Interaction of laser-cooled 87Rb atoms with higher order modes of an optical nanofibre},
  Author                   = {Kumar, Ravi and Gokhroo, Vandna and Deasy, Kieran and Maimaiti, Aili and Frawley, Mary C. and Phelan, Ciar谩n and Chormaic, S铆le Nic},
  Journal                  = {New J. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {013026},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Abstract                 = {Optical nanofibres are used to confine light to sub-wavelength regions and are very promising tools for the development of optical fibre-based quantum networks using cold, neutral atoms. To date, experimental studies on atoms near nanofibres have focussed on fundamental fibre mode interactions. In this work, we demonstrate the integration of a few-mode optical nanofibre into a magneto-optical trap for 87Rb atoms. The nanofibre, with a waist diameter of 鈭�700 nm, supports both the fundamental and first group of higher order modes (HOMs) and is used for atomic fluorescence and absorption studies. In general, light propagating in higher order fibre modes has a greater evanescent field extension around the waist in comparison with the fundamental mode. By exploiting this behaviour, we demonstrate that the detected signal of fluorescent photons emitted from a cloud of cold atoms centred at the nanofibre waist is larger if HOMs are also included. In particular, the signal from HOMs appears to be about six times larger than that obtained for the fundamental mode. Absorption of on-resonance, HOM probe light by the laser-cooled atoms is also observed. These advances should facilitate the realization of atom trapping schemes based on HOM interference.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1367-2630/17/1/013026},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/K2U92D6T/Kumar et al. - 2015 - Interaction of laser-cooled 87Rb atoms with higher.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/T52NVGHV/013026.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1367-2630},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/17/1/013026},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{kuzmich_generation_2000,
  Title                    = {Generation of {Spin} {Squeezing} via {Continuous} {Quantum} {Nondemolition} {Measurement}},
  Author                   = {Kuzmich, A. and Mandel, L. and Bigelow, N. P.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1594--1597},
  Volume                   = {85},

  Abstract                 = {Continuous quantum nondemolition monitoring of a collective atomic spin with an off-resonant laser beam has been performed. Squeezed atomic spin states have thereby been produced with spin noise reduction to 70\% below the standard quantum limit expected for a coherent spin state.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1594},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/D4UZC7FV/PhysRevLett.85.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MAG6ARHK/Kuzmich et al. - 2000 - Generation of Spin Squeezing via Continuous Quantu.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1594},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{lacroute_state-insensitive_2012,
  Title                    = {A state-insensitive, compensated nanofiber trap},
  Author                   = {Lacro没te, C. and Choi, K. S. and Goban, A. and Alton, D. J. and Ding, D. and Stern, N. P. and Kimble, H. J.},
  Journal                  = {New J. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {023056},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Abstract                 = {Laser trapping and interfacing of laser-cooled atoms in an optical fiber network is an important tool for quantum information science. Following the pioneering work of Balykin et al (2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 011401) and Vetsch et al (2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 203603), we propose a robust method for trapping single cesium atoms with a two-color state-insensitive evanescent wave around a dielectric nanofiber. Specifically, we show that vector light shifts (i.e. effective inhomogeneous Zeeman broadening of the ground states) induced by the inherent ellipticity of the forward-propagating evanescent wave can be effectively canceled by a backward-propagating evanescent wave. Furthermore, by operating the trapping lasers at the magic wavelengths, we remove the differential scalar light shift between ground and excited states, thereby allowing for resonant driving of the optical D2 transition. This scheme provides a promising approach to trap and probe neutral atoms with long trap and coherence lifetimes with realistic experimental parameters.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1367-2630/14/2/023056},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/J7HP7C4R/Lacro没te et al. - 2012 - A state-insensitive, compensated nanofiber trap.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/4AW9HMME/023056.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1367-2630},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/14/2/023056},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{le_kien_scattering_2006,
  Title                    = {Scattering of an evanescent light field by a single cesium atom near a nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Balykin, V. I. and Hakuta, K.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {013819},
  Volume                   = {73},

  Abstract                 = {We investigate the scattering of an evanescent light field by a single cesium atom outside a nanofiber. We show that the confinement of the field, the presence of the longitudinal field component and the tangential Poynting vector component, the enhancement of spontaneous emission, and the degeneracy of the atomic ground state substantially affect the scattering process. We find that, in the close vicinity of the fiber surface, the transmittance of the field in the stationary regime can be substantially reduced to 48\% due to scattering into radiation modes (with the efficiency as high as 44\%) and backward guided modes (with the efficiency as high as 8\%).},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.73.013819},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/6U2UW8MT/PhysRevA.73.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MIUVN9WA/Le Kien et al. - 2006 - Scattering of an evanescent light field by a singl.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.73.013819},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{le_kien_spontaneous_2005,
  Title                    = {Spontaneous emission of a cesium atom near a nanofiber: {Efficient} coupling of light to guided modes},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Dutta Gupta, S. and Balykin, V. I. and Hakuta, K.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {032509},
  Volume                   = {72},

  Abstract                 = {We study the spontaneous emission of a cesium atom in the vicinity of a subwavelength-diameter fiber. We show that the confinement of the guided modes and the degeneracy of the excited and ground states substantially affect the spontaneous emission process. We demonstrate that different magnetic sublevels have different decay rates. When the fiber radius is about 200nm, a significant fraction (up to 28\%) of spontaneous emission by the atom can be channeled into guided modes. Our results may find applications for developing nanoprobes for atoms and efficient couplers for subwavelength-diameter fibers.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.72.032509},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2G298GER/PhysRevA.72.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/7M4RW3TZ/Le Kien et al. - 2005 - Spontaneous emission of a cesium atom near a nanof.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Spontaneous emission of a cesium atom near a nanofiber},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.72.032509},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{le_kien_intracavity_2009,
  Title                    = {Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency in atoms around a nanofiber with a pair of {Bragg} grating mirrors},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Hakuta, K.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {043813},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Abstract                 = {We study intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency in atoms around a nanofiber with a pair of Bragg grating mirrors. We calculate the transmission of the composite cavity-fiber-atom system and the time development of the guided probe light field. We derive analytical approximate expressions for the output probe field and its group delay. We show that the group delay of the guided light substantially depends on the input pulse length, the mirror reflectivity, the atomic number density, and the coupling field intensity. We demonstrate that the group delay of the guided light can be significantly enhanced by the presence of the fiber-Bragg-grating cavity even when the finesse of the cavity is moderate.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.79.043813},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/K6VUGMRR/PhysRevA.79.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BRDCBUAD/Le Kien and Hakuta - 2009 - Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparen.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.043813},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-01}
}

@Article{le_kien_correlations_2008,
  Title                    = {Correlations between photons emitted by multiatom fluorescence into a nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Hakuta, K.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {033826},
  Volume                   = {77},

  Abstract                 = {We develop a systematic formalism to calculate the correlation functions of fluorescence from a multiatom system into guided modes of a nanofiber. We find that, in the case of a linear array of N atoms, the first- and second-order correlation functions may contain the terms of up to the second and fourth orders of N, respectively. We show the possibility of fiber-mediated superfluorescence in the case where the spacing of the atoms in a linear array is an integer multiple of the wavelength of the resonant guided modes. We also study the case of atoms with random positions. We find that the correlation functions have, in general, different behaviors depending on whether the photons are emitted in the same or opposite directions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.77.033826},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/C6PQIVE4/PhysRevA.77.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/55WXXXZE/Le Kien and Hakuta - 2008 - Correlations between photons emitted by multiatom .pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.77.033826},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{le_kien_electromagnetically_2015,
  Title                    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency for guided light in an atomic array outside an optical nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {053847},
  Volume                   = {91},

  Abstract                 = {We study the propagation of guided light along an array of three-level atoms in the vicinity of an optical nanofiber under the condition of electromagnetically induced transparency. We examine two schemes of atomic levels and field polarizations where the guided probe field is quasilinearly polarized along the major or minor principal axis, which is parallel or perpendicular, respectively, to the radial direction of the atomic position. Our numerical calculations indicate that 200 cesium atoms in a linear array with a length of 100 渭m at a distance of 200 nm from the surface of a nanofiber with a radius of 250 nm can slow down the speed of guided probe light by a factor of about 3.5脳106 (the corresponding group delay is about 1.17 渭s). In the neighborhood of the Bragg resonance, a significant fraction of the guided probe light can be reflected back with a negative group delay. The reflectivity and the group delay of the reflected field do not depend on the propagation direction of the probe field. However, when the input guided light is quasilinearly polarized along the major principal axis, the transmittivity and the group delay of the transmitted field substantially depend on the propagation direction of the probe field. Under the Bragg resonance condition, an array of atoms prepared in an appropriate internal state can transmit guided light polarized along the major principal in one specific direction even in the limit of infinitely large atom numbers. The directionality of transmission of guided light through the array of atoms is a consequence of the existence of a longitudinal component of the guided light field as well as the ellipticity of both the field polarization and the atomic dipole vector.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.91.053847},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/5VPN7H93/PhysRevA.91.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/8D9UVX9J/Le Kien and Rauschenbeutel - 2015 - Electromagnetically induced transparency for guide.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.053847},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-30}
}

@Article{le_kien_anisotropy_2014,
  Title                    = {Anisotropy in scattering of light from an atom into the guided modes of a nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {023805},
  Volume                   = {90},

  Abstract                 = {We study the scattering of guided light from a multilevel cesium atom with the transitions between the hyperfine levels 6S1/2F=4 and 6P3/2F鈥�=5 of the D2 line into the guided modes of a nanofiber. We show that the rate of scattering of guided light from the atom in the steady-state regime into the guided modes is asymmetric with respect to the forward and backward directions and depends on the polarization of the probe field. The asymmetry between the forward and backward scattering is a result of the complex transition structure of the atom and the existence of a longitudinal component of the guided-mode profile function. In the case of a two-level atom, the rates of spontaneous emission (and consequently the rates of scattering) into the forward and backward guided modes differ from each other when the atomic dipole matrix-element vector is a complex vector in the plane that contains the fiber axis and the atomic position.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.90.023805},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TDGVUX45/PhysRevA.90.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/5V8PXNFS/Le Kien and Rauschenbeutel - 2014 - Anisotropy in scattering of light from an atom int.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.90.023805},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{le_kien_propagation_2014,
  Title                    = {Propagation of nanofiber-guided light through an array of atoms},
  Author                   = {Le Kien, Fam and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {063816},
  Volume                   = {90},

  Abstract                 = {We study the propagation of nanofiber-guided light through an array of atomic cesium, taking into account the transitions between the hyperfine levels 6S1/2F=4 and 6P3/2F鈥�=5 of the D2 line. We derive the coupled-mode propagation equation, the input-output equation, the scattering matrix, the transfer matrix, and the reflection and transmission coefficients for the guided field in the linear, quasistationary, weak-excitation regime. We show that, when the initial distribution of populations of atomic ground-state sublevels is independent of the magnetic quantum number, the quasilinear polarizations along the principal axes x and y, which are parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the radial direction of the atomic position, are not coupled to each other in the linear coherent scattering process. When the guided probe field is quasilinearly polarized along the major principal axis x, forward and backward scattering have different characteristics. We find that, when the array period is far from the Bragg resonance, the backward scattering is weak. Under the Bragg resonance, most of the guided probe light can be reflected back in a broad region of field detunings even though there is an irreversible decay channel into radiation modes. When the atom number is large enough, two different band gaps may be formed, whose properties depend on the polarization of the guided probe field.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.90.063816},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2RAM3H57/PhysRevA.90.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/SFN8786Z/Le Kien and Rauschenbeutel - 2014 - Propagation of nanofiber-guided light through an a.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.90.063816},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{Lee2015Inhomogeneous,
  Title                    = {Inhomogeneous broadening of optical transitions of 87 Rb atoms in an optical nanofiber trap},
  Author                   = {J Lee and J A Grover and J E Hoffman and L A Orozco and S L Rolston},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {16},
  Pages                    = {165004},
  Volume                   = {48},

  Abstract                 = {We experimentally demonstrate optical trapping of ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0953-4075/48/16/165004/jpb516202ieqn1.gif] {${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$} atoms using a two-color evanescent field around an optical nanofiber. In our trapping geometry, a blue-detuned traveling wave whose polarization is nearly parallel to the polarization of a red-detuned standing wave produces significant vector light shifts that lead to broadening of the absorption profile of a near-resonant beam at the trapping site. A model that includes scalar, vector, and tensor light shifts of the probe transition ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0953-4075/48/16/165004/jpb516202ieqn2.gif] {$5{S}_{1/2}$} - ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0953-4075/48/16/165004/jpb516202ieqn3.gif] {$5{P}_{3/2}$} from the trapping beams, weighted by the temperature-dependent position of the atoms in the trap, qualitatively describes the observed asymmetric profile and explains differences with previous experiments that used Cs atoms. The model provides a consistent way to extract the number of atoms in the trap.},
  File                     = {Lee2015.pdf:Lee2015.pdf:PDF},
  Owner                    = {qxd},
  Timestamp                = {2015.09.15},
  Url                      = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/48/i=16/a=165004}
}

@Article{liebermeister_tapered_2014,
  Title                    = {Tapered fiber coupling of single photons emitted by a deterministically positioned single nitrogen vacancy center},
  Author                   = {Liebermeister, Lars and Petersen, Fabian and M眉nchow, Asmus v and Burchardt, Daniel and Hermelbracht, Juliane and Tashima, Toshiyuki and Schell, Andreas W. and Benson, Oliver and Meinhardt, Thomas and Krueger, Anke and Stiebeiner, Ariane and Rauschenbeutel, Arno and Weinfurter, Harald and Weber, Markus},
  Journal                  = {Applied Physics Letters},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {031101},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {A diamond nano-crystal hosting a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is optically selected with a confocal scanning microscope and positioned deterministically onto the subwavelength-diameter waist of a tapered optical fiber (TOF) with the help of an atomic force microscope. Based on this nano-manipulation technique, we experimentally demonstrate the evanescent coupling of single fluorescence photons emitted by a single NV-center to the guided mode of the TOF. By comparing photon count rates of the fiber-guided and the free-space modes and with the help of numerical finite-difference time domain simulations, we determine a lower and upper bound for the coupling efficiency of (9.5 卤 0.6)\% and (10.4 卤 0.7)\%, respectively. Our results are a promising starting point for future integration of single photon sources into photonic quantum networks and applications in quantum information science.},
  Doi                      = {10.1063/1.4862207},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/645BACCW/Liebermeister et al. - 2014 - Tapered fiber coupling of single photons emitted b.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/M9GIHJXD/1.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0003-6951, 1077-3118},
  Keywords                 = {Diamond, Elemental semiconductors, Fluorescence, Nanocrystals, Photons},
  Url                      = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/104/3/10.1063/1.4862207},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-30}
}

@Article{ma_quantum_2011,
  Title                    = {Quantum spin squeezing},
  Author                   = {Ma, Jian and Wang, Xiaoguang and Sun, C. P. and Nori, Franco},
  Journal                  = {Physics Reports},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {2鈥�3},
  Pages                    = {89--165},
  Volume                   = {509},

  Abstract                 = {This paper reviews quantum spin squeezing, which characterizes the sensitivity of a state with respect to SU(2) rotations, and is significant for both entanglement detection and high-precision metrology. We first present various definitions of spin squeezing parameters, explain their origin and properties for typical states, and then discuss spin-squeezed states produced with nonlinear twisting Hamiltonians. Afterward, we explain pairwise correlations and entanglement in spin-squeezed states, as well as the relations between spin squeezing and quantum Fisher information, where the latter plays a central role in quantum metrology. We also review the applications of spin squeezing for detecting quantum chaos and quantum phase transitions, as well as the influence of decoherence on spin squeezing. Finally, we review several experimental realizations of spin squeezing, as well as their corresponding theoretical backgrounds, including: producing spin-squeezed states via particle collisions in Bose鈥揈instein condensates, transferring photon squeezing to atomic ensembles, and generating spin squeezing via quantum non-demolition measurements.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.physrep.2011.08.003},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HVTDZGCD/Ma et al. - 2011 - Quantum spin squeezing.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/W6XUHRW3/S0370157311002201.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0370-1573},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157311002201},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{madsen_spin_2004,
  Title                    = {Spin squeezing and precision probing with light and samples of atoms in the {Gaussian} description},
  Author                   = {Madsen, Lars Bojer and M酶lmer, Klaus},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {052324},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {We consider an ensemble of trapped atoms interacting with a continuous-wave laser field. For sufficiently polarized atoms and for a polarized light field, we may approximate the nonclassical components of the collective spin angular momentum operator for the atoms and the Stokes vectors of the field by effective position and momentum variables for which we assume a Gaussian state. Within this approximation, we present a theory for the squeezing of the atomic spin by polarization rotation measurements on the probe light. We derive analytical expressions for the squeezing with and without inclusion of the noise effects introduced by atomic decay and by photon absorption. The theory is readily adapted to the case of inhomogeneous light-atom coupling [A. Kuzmich and T.A.B. Kennedy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 030407 (2004)]. As a special case, we show how to formulate the theory for an optically thick sample by slicing the gas into pieces, each having only small photon absorption probability. Our analysis of a realistic probing and measurement scheme shows that it is the maximally squeezed component of the atomic gas that determines the accuracy of the measurement.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052324},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/6IDKK5HH/PhysRevA.70.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/ADCM74H7/Madsen and M酶lmer - 2004 - Spin squeezing and precision probing with light an.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052324},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-23}
}

@Article{manga_rao_single_2007,
  Title                    = {Single quantum-dot {Purcell} factor and \$beta\$ factor in a photonic crystal waveguide},
  Author                   = {Manga Rao, V. S. C. and Hughes, S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. B},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {205437},
  Volume                   = {75},

  Abstract                 = {A theoretical formalism to calculate the spontaneous emission rate enhancement (Purcell factor) and propagation mode 尾 factor from single quantum dots in a planar-photonic-crystal waveguide is presented. Large Purcell factors for slow light modes, and enormous 尾 factors ({\textgreater}0.85) over a broadband (10 THz) spectral range are subsequently predicted. The local density of photon states is found to diverge at the photonic band edge, but we discuss why this divergence will always be broadened in real samples, most notably due to structural disorder. Applications towards 鈥渙n-chip鈥� single photon sources are highlighted.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevB.75.205437},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/CXSHNM9F/PhysRevB.75.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/45N7T3CG/Manga Rao and Hughes - 2007 - Single quantum-dot Purcell factor and \$\$beta\$ \$ .pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.205437},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{masalov_pumping_2013,
  Title                    = {Pumping of higher-order modes of an optical nanofiber by laser excited atoms},
  Author                   = {Masalov, A. V. and Minogin, V. G.},
  Journal                  = {Laser Phys. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {075203},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Abstract                 = {The pumping efficiency of the higher-order modes of an optical nanofiber by fluorescence excited in atoms by laser light is analyzed. The mode excitation efficiency is examined for three higher-order modes TE01, TM01 and HE21 and compared with the excitation efficiency for the fundamental fiber mode HE11. It is shown that pumping rates for the higher-order modes of an optical nanofiber are generally 5鈥�10 times higher than that for the fundamental mode. It is concluded that optical nanofibers with pumped higher-order modes can play the role of interfaces allowing one to transfer electromagnetic energy stored in optically excited atoms into the optical modes propagating inside the fibers.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1612-2011/10/7/075203},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/NVWTSED3/Masalov and Minogin - 2013 - Pumping of higher-order modes of an optical nanofi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/4BIAUFHC/075203.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1612-202X},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1612-202X/10/7/075203},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{maslov_distribution_2006,
  Title                    = {Distribution of optical emission between guided modes and free space in a semiconductor nanowire},
  Author                   = {Maslov, A. V. and Bakunov, M. I. and Ning, C. Z.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Applied Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {024314},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Abstract                 = {We study the distribution of the emitted power between the free-space modes and guided modes in a semiconductornanowire. We analyze all possible dipole orientations and nanowire radii in the range from very small to comparable to the wavelength. Our theoretical approach is based on the Fourier transform technique and equivalent to the construction of Green鈥檚 function for a dipole at an arbitrary location inside the nanowire. We show that the total emitted power can exhibit rather pronounced oscillations as a function of the frequency and radius. The far-field pattern is also very sensitive to the frequency and radius, especially in the regime when leaky (or whispering gallery) modes with finite axial wave numbers are excited. We discuss the enhancement of emission into guided modes due to formation of Fabry-P茅rot cavity in a finite length nanowire. Our results yield directly the extraction efficiencies and angular distribution of radiation of light-emitting diodes made of nanowires.},
  Doi                      = {10.1063/1.2164538},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/V9VCSAP6/Maslov et al. - 2006 - Distribution of optical emission between guided mo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GW5RZ48S/1.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0021-8979, 1089-7550},
  Keywords                 = {Boundary value problems, II-VI semiconductors, Luminescence, Maxwell equations, Nanowires},
  Url                      = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/99/2/10.1063/1.2164538},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{mcconnell_entanglement_2015,
  Title                    = {Entanglement with negative {Wigner} function of almost 3,000 atoms heralded by one photon},
  Author                   = {McConnell, Robert and Zhang, Hao and Hu, Jiazhong and {\'C}uk, Senka and Vuleti{\'c}, Vladan},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {7544},
  Pages                    = {439--442},
  Volume                   = {519},

  Abstract                 = {Quantum-mechanically correlated (entangled) states of many particles are of interest in quantum information, quantum computing and quantum metrology. Metrologically useful entangled states of large atomic ensembles have been experimentally realized, but these states display Gaussian spin distribution functions with a non-negative Wigner quasiprobability distribution function. Non-Gaussian entangled states have been produced in small ensembles of ions, and very recently in large atomic ensembles. Here we generate entanglement in a large atomic ensemble via an interaction with a very weak laser pulse; remarkably, the detection of a single photon prepares several thousand atoms in an entangled state. We reconstruct a negative-valued Wigner function鈥攁n important hallmark of non-classicality鈥攁nd verify an entanglement depth (the minimum number of mutually entangled atoms) of 2,910 卤 190 out of 3,100 atoms. Attaining such a negative Wigner function and the mutual entanglement of virtually all atoms is unprecedented for an ensemble containing more than a few particles. Although the achieved purity of the state is slightly below the threshold for entanglement-induced metrological gain, further technical improvement should allow the generation of states that surpass this threshold, and of more complex Schr枚dinger cat states for quantum metrology and information processing. More generally, our results demonstrate the power of heralded methods for entanglement generation, and illustrate how the information contained in a single photon can drastically alter the quantum state of a large system.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2015 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature14293},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HCU6M2GI/McConnell et al. - 2015 - Entanglement with negative Wigner function of almo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BW5NJNW6/nature14293.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Keywords                 = {Atomic and molecular physics, Quantum mechanics, Single photons and quantum effects},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7544/full/nature14293.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{Meng2015nanowaveguide,
  Title                    = {A nanowaveguide platform for collective atom-light interaction},
  Author                   = {Meng, Y. and Lee, J. and Dagenais, M. and Rolston, S. L.},
  Journal                  = {Applied Physics Letters},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {-},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Doi                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929947},
  Eid                      = {091110},
  File                     = {Meng2015.pdf:Meng2015.pdf:PDF},
  Owner                    = {qxd},
  Timestamp                = {2015.09.15},
  Url                      = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/107/9/10.1063/1.4929947}
}

@Article{miller_trapped_2005,
  Title                    = {Trapped atoms in cavity {QED}: coupling quantized light and matter},
  Author                   = {Miller, R. and Northup, T. E. and Birnbaum, K. M. and Boca, A. and Boozer, A. D. and Kimble, H. J.},
  Journal                  = {J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {S551},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Abstract                 = {On the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of Albert Einstein's annus mirabilis, we reflect on the development and current state of research in cavity quantum electrodynamics in the optical domain. Cavity QED is a field which undeniably traces its origins to Einstein's seminal work on the statistical theory of light and the nature of its quantized interaction with matter. In this paper, we emphasize the development of techniques for the confinement of atoms strongly coupled to high-finesse resonators and the experiments which these techniques enable.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/0953-4075/38/9/007},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/UT86UFDR/Miller et al. - 2005 - Trapped atoms in cavity QED coupling quantized li.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HMQEH5WS/007.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0953-4075},
  Language                 = {en},
  Shorttitle               = {Trapped atoms in cavity {QED}},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-4075/38/9/007},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{mitsch_exploiting_2014,
  Title                    = {Exploiting the local polarization of strongly confined light for sub-micrometer-resolution internal state preparation and manipulation of cold atoms},
  Author                   = {Mitsch, R. and Sayrin, C. and Albrecht, B. and Schneeweiss, P. and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {063829},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Abstract                 = {A strongly confined light field necessarily exhibits a local polarization that varies on a subwavelength scale. We demonstrate that a single optical mode of this kind can be used to selectively and simultaneously manipulate atomic ensembles that are less than a micron away from each other and equally coupled to the light field. The technique is implemented with an optical nanofiber that provides an evanescent field interface between a strongly guided optical mode and two diametric linear arrays of cesium atoms. Using this single optical mode, the two atomic ensembles can simultaneously be optically pumped to opposite Zeeman states. Moreover, the state-dependent light shifts can be made locally distinct, thereby enabling an independent coherent manipulation of the two ensembles. Our results open a route toward advanced manipulation of atomic samples in nanoscale quantum optics systems.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.89.063829},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RDD6GFKW/PhysRevA.89.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/53IS2F79/Mitsch et al. - 2014 - Exploiting the local polarization of strongly conf.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.063829},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{mitsch_quantum_2014,
  Title                    = {Quantum state-controlled directional spontaneous emission of photons into a nanophotonic waveguide},
  Author                   = {Mitsch, R. and Sayrin, C. and Albrecht, B. and Schneeweiss, P. and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Commun},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = dec,
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {The spin of light in subwavelength-diameter waveguides can be orthogonal to the propagation direction of the photons because of the strong transverse confinement. This transverse spin changes sign when the direction of propagation is reversed. Using this effect, we demonstrate the directional spontaneous emission of photons by laser-trapped caesium atoms into an optical nanofibre and control their propagation direction by the excited state of the atomic emitters. In particular, we tune the spontaneous emission into the counter-propagating guided modes from symmetric to strongly asymmetric, where more than \% of the optical power is launched into one or the other direction. We expect our results to have important implications for research in quantum nanophotonics and for implementations of integrated optical signal processing in the quantum regime.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2014 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/ncomms6713},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FKZPKW3V/Mitsch et al. - 2014 - Quantum state-controlled directional spontaneous e.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DWCDPK56/ncomms6713.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Atomic and molecular physics, Optical physics, Physical sciences},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141212/ncomms6713/full/ncomms6713.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{nayak_spectroscopy_2012,
  Title                    = {Spectroscopy of near-surface atoms using an optical nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Nayak, K. P. and Das, Manoj and Le Kien, Fam and Hakuta, K.},
  Journal                  = {Optics Communications},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {4698--4704},
  Volume                   = {285},

  Abstract                 = {We investigate the laser induced fluorescence spectra of laser-cooled Cesium atoms in the vicinity of a silica nanofiber by observing the fluorescence photons through the guided-modes. The observed excitation spectra of such near-surface atoms reveal drastic difference from free-space atom and show signatures of atom鈥搒urface bound states. We experimentally demonstrate that the spectrum lineshape and hence the loading into such surface bound states can be controlled by changing the surface conditions. The measured emission spectra, under the controlled surface conditions, further clarify the behavior of free- and bound-atoms. We discuss the possible roles of adsorption and desorption of atoms in controlling the surface conditions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.optcom.2012.04.018},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/NJ7EZNN2/Nayak et al. - 2012 - Spectroscopy of near-surface atoms using an optica.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/8F4IFW75/S0030401812003653.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0030-4018},
  Keywords                 = {Atomic and molecular spectroscopy, Atom鈥搒urface interaction, Laser induced fluorescence, Quantum Optics},
  Series                   = {Special {Issue}: {Optical} micro/nanofibers: {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401812003653},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{nayak_optical_2014,
  Title                    = {Optical nanofiber-based photonic crystal cavity},
  Author                   = {Nayak, K. P. and Zhang, Pengfei and Hakuta, K.},
  Journal                  = {Optics Letters},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {232},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/OL.39.000232},
  ISSN                     = {0146-9592, 1539-4794},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-39-2-232},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{nha_cavity_1997,
  Title                    = {Cavity quantum electrodynamics for a cylinder: {Inside} a hollow dielectric and near a solid dielectric cylinder},
  Author                   = {Nha, H. and Jhe, W.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {2213--2220},
  Volume                   = {56},

  Abstract                 = {We calculate the atomic energy-level shift and the modified dipolar radiation rate inside a hollow dielectric cylinder and outside a solid cylinder using a quantum-mechanical linear-response formalism in the dipole approximation. We first derive the electromagnetic fields scattered by the cylindrical surface for an oscillating dipole inside and outside the cylinder. When an atom is located on the axis of the cylindrical hollow, we obtain analytic expressions of the atomic level shifts in two limiting cases: when b (radius of hollow) is very small, the level shift is proportional to b鈭�2 which is associated with the kinetic-energy change of the atomic electron, whereas when b is very large, the shift is proportional to b鈭�4 which is identified as the retarded (Casimir-Polder) interaction energy. Moreover, we calculate the atomic potentials as a function of the position of atoms in the hollow region, which is important for the atom-guiding experiment. We also calculate the decay rates and find enhanced rates inside and outside the cylinder. In particular, we compare the radiative properties of an atom inside the hollow cylinder with those between two plates, and those near a cylinder with near a single surface.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.56.2213},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FGI9VEPX/PhysRevA.56.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/Z3ES3JMS/Nha and Jhe - 1997 - Cavity quantum electrodynamics for a cylinder Ins.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Cavity quantum electrodynamics for a cylinder},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.56.2213},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-30}
}

@Article{niemczyk_circuit_2010,
  Title                    = {Circuit quantum electrodynamics in the ultrastrong-coupling regime},
  Author                   = {Niemczyk, T. and Deppe, F. and Huebl, H. and Menzel, E. P. and Hocke, F. and Schwarz, M. J. and Garcia-Ripoll, J. J. and Zueco, D. and H眉mmer, T. and Solano, E. and Marx, A. and Gross, R.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Phys},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {772--776},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {In circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED), where superconducting artificial atoms are coupled to on-chip cavities, the exploration of fundamental quantum physics in the strong-coupling regime has greatly evolved. In this regime, an atom and a cavity can exchange a photon frequently before coherence is lost. Nevertheless, all experiments so far are well described by the renowned Jaynes鈥揅ummings model. Here, we report on the first experimental realization of a circuit QED system operating in the ultrastrong-coupling limit, where the atom鈥揷avity coupling rate g reaches a considerable fraction of the cavity transition frequency 蠅r. Furthermore, we present direct evidence for the breakdown of the Jaynes鈥揅ummings model. We reach remarkable normalized coupling rates g/蠅r of up to 12\% by enhancing the inductive coupling of a flux qubit to a transmission line resonator. Our circuit extends the toolbox of quantum optics on a chip towards exciting explorations of ultrastrong light鈥搈atter interaction.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2010 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nphys1730},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/EK6QAF4R/Niemczyk et al. - 2010 - Circuit quantum electrodynamics in the ultrastrong.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FH3R2MW7/nphys1730.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1745-2473},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v6/n10/full/nphys1730.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{norris_enhanced_2012,
  Title                    = {Enhanced {Squeezing} of a {Collective} {Spin} via {Control} of {Its} {Qudit} {Subsystems}},
  Author                   = {Norris, Leigh M. and Trail, Collin M. and Jessen, Poul S. and Deutsch, Ivan H.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {173603},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Abstract                 = {Unitary control of qudits can improve the collective spin squeezing of an atomic ensemble. Preparing the atoms in a state with large quantum fluctuations in magnetization strengthens the entangling Faraday interaction. The resulting increase in interatomic entanglement can be converted into metrologically useful spin squeezing. Further control can squeeze the internal atomic spin without compromising entanglement, providing an overall multiplicative factor in the collective squeezing. We model the effects of optical pumping and study the tradeoffs between enhanced entanglement and decoherence. For realistic parameters we see improvements of 鈭�10 dB.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.173603},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/3SSBB4H6/PhysRevLett.109.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/3DB7V7QZ/Norris et al. - 2012 - Enhanced Squeezing of a Collective Spin via Contro.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.173603},
  Urldate                  = {2015-06-03}
}

@Article{oshea_fiber-optical_2013,
  Title                    = {Fiber-{Optical} {Switch} {Controlled} by a {Single} {Atom}},
  Author                   = {O’hea, Danny and Junge, Christian and Volz, J{\"u}rgen and Rauschenbeutel, Arno},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {193601},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate highly efficient switching of optical signals between two optical fibers controlled by a single atom. The key element of our experiment is a whispering-gallery-mode bottle microresonator, which is coupled to a single atom and interfaced by two tapered fiber couplers. This system reaches the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics, leading to a vacuum Rabi splitting in the excitation spectrum. We systematically investigate the switching efficiency of our system, i.e., the probability that the fiber-optical switch redirects the light into the desired output. We obtain a large redirection efficiency reaching a raw fidelity of more than 60\% without postselection. Moreover, by measuring the second-order correlation functions of the output fields, we show that our switch exhibits a photon-number-dependent routing capability.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.193601},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TEU3JV2E/PhysRevLett.111.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/MS27RU6I/O鈥橲hea et al. - 2013 - Fiber-Optical Switch Controlled by a Single Atom.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.193601},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{petersen_chiral_2014,
  Title                    = {Chiral nanophotonic waveguide interface based on spin-orbit interaction of light},
  Author                   = {Petersen, Jan and Volz, J眉rgen and Rauschenbeutel, Arno},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {6205},
  Pages                    = {67--71},
  Volume                   = {346},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1257671},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/A8P2SW6K/Petersen et al. - 2014 - Chiral nanophotonic waveguide interface based on s.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/6N24E2PI/67.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  Language                 = {en},
  Pmid                     = {25190718},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6205/67},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{pichler_quantum_2015,
  Title                    = {Quantum optics of chiral spin networks},
  Author                   = {Pichler, Hannes and Ramos, Tom谩s and Daley, Andrew J. and Zoller, Peter},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {042116},
  Volume                   = {91},

  Abstract                 = {We study the driven-dissipative dynamics of a network of spin-1/2 systems coupled to one or more chiral 1D bosonic waveguides within the framework of a Markovian master equation. We determine how the interplay between a coherent drive and collective decay processes can lead to the formation of pure multipartite entangled steady states. The key ingredient for the emergence of these many-body dark states is an asymmetric coupling of the spins to left and right propagating guided modes. Such systems are motivated by experimental possibilities with internal states of atoms coupled to optical fibers, or motional states of trapped atoms coupled to a spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate. We discuss the characterization of the emerging multipartite entanglement in this system in terms of the Fisher information.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.91.042116},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/WMDXHKQF/PhysRevA.91.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/J699FJSN/Pichler et al. - 2015 - Quantum optics of chiral spin networks.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.042116},
  Urldate                  = {2015-09-03}
}

@Article{pittman_ultralow-power_2013,
  Title                    = {Ultralow-power nonlinear optics using tapered optical fibers in metastable xenon},
  Author                   = {Pittman, T. B. and Jones, D. E. and Franson, J. D.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {053804},
  Volume                   = {88},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate nanowatt-level saturated absorption using a subwavelength diameter tapered optical fiber (TOF) suspended in a gas of metastable xenon atoms. This ultralow-power nonlinearity is enabled by a small optical mode area propagating over a relatively long distance through the Xe gas. The use of inert noble gases in these kinds of TOF experiments may offer practical advantages over the use of reactive alkali-metal vapors, such as rubidium.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.88.053804},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RM3VIX9Q/PhysRevA.88.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DDEAAPVI/Pittman et al. - 2013 - Ultralow-power nonlinear optics using tapered opti.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.88.053804},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{puentes_planar_2013,
  Title                    = {Planar squeezing by quantum non-demolition measurement in cold atomic ensembles},
  Author                   = {Puentes, Graciana and Colangelo, Giorgio and Sewell, Robert J. and Mitchell, Morgan W.},
  Journal                  = {New J. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {103031},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Abstract                 = {Planar squeezed states, i.e. quantum states which are squeezed in two orthogonal spin components, have recently attracted attention due to their applications in atomic interferometry and quantum information (He et al 2012 New J. Phys. 14 093012). While canonical variables such as quadratures of the radiation field can be squeezed in at most one component, simultaneous squeezing in two orthogonal spin components can be achieved due to the angular momentum commutation relations. We present a novel scheme for planar squeezing via quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements in spin-1 systems. The QND measurement is achieved via near-resonant paramagnetic Faraday rotation probing, and the planar squeezing is obtained by sequential QND measurement of two orthogonal spin components. We compute the achievable squeezing for a variety of optical depths, initial conditions and probing strategies. The planar squeezed states generated in this way contain entanglement detectable by spin-squeezing inequalities and give an advantage relative to non-squeezed states for any precession phase angle, a benefit for single-shot and high-bandwidth magnetometry.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1367-2630/15/10/103031},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/S2ZZZSUB/Puentes et al. - 2013 - Planar squeezing by quantum non-demolition measure.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/R2PDS57U/article.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1367-2630},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/15/10/103031},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{raimond_manipulating_2001,
  Title                    = {Manipulating quantum entanglement with atoms and photons in a cavity},
  Author                   = {Raimond, J. M. and Brune, M. and Haroche, S.},
  Journal                  = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {565--582},
  Volume                   = {73},

  Abstract                 = {After they have interacted, quantum particles generally behave as a single nonseparable entangled system. The concept of entanglement plays an essential role in quantum physics. We have performed entanglement experiments with Rydberg atoms and microwave photons in a cavity and tested quantum mechanics in situations of increasing complexity. Entanglement resulted either from a resonant exchange of energy between atoms and the cavity field or from dispersive energy shifts affecting atoms and photons when they were not resonant. With two entangled particles (two atoms or one atom and a photon), we have realized new versions of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen situation. The detection of one particle projected the other, at a distance, in a correlated state. This process could be viewed as an elementary measurement, one particle being a 鈥渕eter鈥� measuring the other. We have performed a 鈥渜uantum nondemolition鈥� measurement of a single photon, which we detected repeatedly without destroying it. Entanglement is also essential to understand decoherence, the process accounting for the classical appearance of the macroscopic world. A mesoscopic superposition of states (鈥淪chr枚dinger cat鈥�) gets rapidly entangled with its environment, losing its quantum coherence. We have prepared a Schr枚dinger cat made of a few photons and studied the dynamics of its decoherence, in an experiment which constitutes a glimpse at the quantum/classical boundary. We have also investigated entanglement as a resource for the processing of quantum information. By using quantum two-state systems (qubits) instead of classical bits of information, one can perform logical operations exploiting quantum interferences and taking advantage of the properties of entanglement. Manipulating as qubits atoms and photons in a cavity, we have operated a quantum gate and applied it to the generation of a complex three-particle entangled state. We finally discuss the perspectives opened by these experiments for further fundamental studies.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/RevModPhys.73.565},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/AKP9I9XU/RevModPhys.73.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/ZR82BK7N/Raimond et al. - 2001 - Manipulating quantum entanglement with atoms and p.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.73.565},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{saffman_spin_2009,
  Title                    = {Spin squeezing of atomic ensembles by multicolor quantum nondemolition measurements},
  Author                   = {Saffman, M. and Oblak, D. and Appel, J. and Polzik, E. S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {023831},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Abstract                 = {We analyze the creation of spin squeezed atomic ensembles by simultaneous dispersive interactions with several optical frequencies. A judicious choice of optical parameters enables optimization of an interferometric detection scheme that suppresses inhomogeneous light shifts and keeps the interferometer operating in a balanced mode that minimizes technical noise. We show that when the atoms interact with two-frequency light tuned to cycling transitions the degree of spin squeezing 尉2 scales as 尉2鈭�1/d, where d is the resonant optical depth of the ensemble. In real alkali metal atoms there are loss channels and the scaling may be closer to 尉2鈭�1/d鈥锯�锯垰. Nevertheless the use of two frequencies provides a significant improvement in the degree of squeezing attainable as we show by quantitative analysis of nonresonant probing on the Cs D1 line. Two alternative configurations are analyzed: a Mach-Zehnder interferometer that uses spatial interference and an interaction with multifrequency amplitude modulated light that does not require a spatial interferometer.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.79.023831},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TK4VWB7W/PhysRevA.79.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HQKPKSP7/Saffman et al. - 2009 - Spin squeezing of atomic ensembles by multicolor q.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.023831},
  Urldate                  = {2015-06-08}
}

@Article{sakoda_optical_1996,
  Title                    = {Optical response of three-dimensional photonic lattices: {Solutions} of inhomogeneous {Maxwell}'s equations and their applications},
  Author                   = {Sakoda, Kazuaki and Ohtaka, Kazuo},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. B},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {5732--5741},
  Volume                   = {54},

  Abstract                 = {We have formulated a Green鈥檚 function method for the radiation field in an arbitrary three-dimensional photonic lattice to deal with the source term of an extrinsic polarization field Pex(r,t). It is shown that the induced field is expressed as a superposition of Pex(r,t) itself and the photonic-band eigenmodes of a nonzero frequency. The longitudinal eigenmodes of zero frequency, which are important for the closure relation of photonic bands, is shown to contribute nothing to the propagating electric field. We have applied this method to the treatments of sum frequency generation, dipole radiation, and free induction decay. 漏 1996 The American Physical Society.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5732},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RQJ46I56/PhysRevB.54.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/XHGXVCQK/Sakoda and Ohtaka - 1996 - Optical response of three-dimensional photonic lat.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Optical response of three-dimensional photonic lattices},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5732},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{sayrin_storage_2015,
  Title                    = {Storage of fiber-guided light in a nanofiber-trapped ensemble of cold atoms},
  Author                   = {Sayrin, C. and Clausen, C. and Albrecht, B. and Schneeweiss, P. and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Optica},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {353--356},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {Tapered optical fibers with a nanofiber waist are versatile light鈥搈atter interfaces. Of particular interest are laser-cooled atoms trapped in the evanescent field surrounding the optical nanofiber: they exhibit both long ground-state coherence times and efficient coupling to fiber-guided fields. Here, we demonstrate electromagnetically induced transparency, slow light, and the storage of fiber-guided optical pulses in an ensemble of cold atoms trapped in a nanofiber-based optical lattice. We measure group velocities of 50聽m/s. Moreover, we store optical pulses at the single-photon level and retrieve them on demand in the fiber after 2聽渭s with an overall efficiency of (3.0卤0.4)\%. Our results show that nanofiber-based interfaces for cold atoms have great potential for the realization of building blocks for future optical quantum information networks.},
  Doi                      = {10.1364/OPTICA.2.000353},
  File                     = {Optica Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/4G778QH7/Sayrin et al. - 2015 - Storage of fiber-guided light in a nanofiber-trapp.pdf:application/pdf;Optica Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TVUHEJTI/abstract.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Coherent optical effects, Nanophotonics and photonic crystals, Quantum communications},
  Url                      = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-2-4-353},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{scheel_directional_2015,
  Title                    = {Directional spontaneous emission and lateral {Casimir}-{Polder} force on an atom close to a nanofiber},
  Author                   = {Scheel, Stefan and Buhmann, Stefan Yoshi and Clausen, Christoph and Schneeweiss, Philipp},
  Journal                  = {arXiv:1505.01275 [quant-ph]},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = may,
  Note                     = {arXiv: 1505.01275},

  Abstract                 = {We study the spontaneous emission of an excited atom close to an optical nanofiber and the resulting scattering forces. For a suitably chosen orientation of the atomic dipole, the spontaneous emission pattern becomes asymmetric and a resonant Casimir--Polder force parallel to the fiber axis arises. For a simple model case, we show that the such a lateral force is due to the interaction of the circularly oscillating atomic dipole moment with its image inside the material. With the Casimir--Polder energy being constant in the lateral direction, the predicted lateral force does not derive from a potential in the usual way. Our results have implications for optical force measurements on a substrate as well as for laser cooling of atoms in nanophotonic traps.},
  File                     = {arXiv\:1505.01275 PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/XFBZUR5Z/Scheel et al. - 2015 - Directional spontaneous emission and lateral Casim.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/IU3ZT5Q5/1505.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Quantum Physics},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.01275},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{schell_highly_2015,
  Title                    = {Highly {Efficient} {Coupling} of {Nanolight} {Emitters} to a {Ultra}-{Wide} {Tunable} {Nanofibre} {Cavity}},
  Author                   = {Schell, Andreas W. and Takashima, Hideaki and Kamioka, Shunya and Oe, Yasuko and Fujiwara, Masazumi and Benson, Oliver and Takeuchi, Shigeki},
  Journal                  = {Sci. Rep.},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = may,
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {Solid-state microcavities combining ultra-small mode volume, wide-range resonance frequency tuning, as well as lossless coupling to a single mode fibre are integral tools for nanophotonics and quantum networks. We developed an integrated system providing all of these three indispensable properties. It consists of a nanofibre Bragg cavity (NFBC) with the mode volume of under 1 渭m3 and repeatable tuning capability over more than 20 nm at visible wavelengths. In order to demonstrate quantum light-matter interaction, we establish coupling of quantum dots to our tunable NFBC and achieve an emission enhancement by a factor of 2.7.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/srep09619},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/U7KG8QRE/Schell et al. - 2015 - Highly Efficient Coupling of Nanolight Emitters to.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/J8C45IHA/srep09619.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Nanophotonics and plasmonics, Single photons and quantum effects},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150404/srep09619/full/srep09619.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-30}
}

@Article{schleier-smith_states_2010,
  Title                    = {States of an {Ensemble} of {Two}-{Level} {Atoms} with {Reduced} {Quantum} {Uncertainty}},
  Author                   = {Schleier-Smith, Monika H. and Leroux, Ian D. and Vuleti膰, Vladan},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {073604},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {We generate entangled states of an ensemble of 5脳104 Rb87 atoms by optical quantum nondemolition measurement. The resonator-enhanced measurement leaves the atomic ensemble, prepared in a superposition of hyperfine clock levels, in a squeezed spin state. By comparing the resulting reduction of quantum projection noise [up to 8.8(8) dB] with the concomitant reduction of coherence, we demonstrate a clock input state with spectroscopic sensitivity 3.0(8) dB beyond the standard quantum limit.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.073604},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RS9PMJ6K/PhysRevLett.104.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/QPH9GVDF/Schleier-Smith et al. - 2010 - States of an Ensemble of Two-Level Atoms with Redu.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.073604},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{sewell_magnetic_2012,
  Title                    = {Magnetic {Sensitivity} {Beyond} the {Projection} {Noise} {Limit} by {Spin} {Squeezing}},
  Author                   = {Sewell, R. J. and Koschorreck, M. and Napolitano, M. and Dubost, B. and Behbood, N. and Mitchell, M. W.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {25},
  Pages                    = {253605},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Abstract                 = {We report the generation of spin squeezing and entanglement in a magnetically sensitive atomic ensemble, and entanglement-enhanced field measurements with this system. A maximal mf=卤1 Raman coherence is prepared in an ensemble of 8.5脳105 laser-cooled Rb87 atoms in the f=1 hyperfine ground state, and the collective spin is squeezed by synthesized optical quantum nondemolition measurement. This prepares a state with large spin alignment and noise below the projection-noise level in a mixed alignment-orientation variable. 3.2 dB of noise reduction is observed and 2.0 dB of squeezing by the Wineland criterion, implying both entanglement and metrological advantage. Enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated in field measurements using alignment-to-orientation conversion.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.253605},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/WX8SRJDE/PhysRevLett.109.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/2RZVV7ZF/Sewell et al. - 2012 - Magnetic Sensitivity Beyond the Projection Noise L.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.253605},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{shen_coherent_2005,
  Title                    = {Coherent photon transport from spontaneous emission in one-dimensional waveguides},
  Author                   = {Shen, J. T. and Fan, Shanhui},
  Journal                  = {Opt. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {2001--2003},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Abstract                 = {A two-level system coupled to a one-dimensional continuum is investigated. By using a real-space model Hamiltonian, we show that spontaneous emission can coherently interfere with the continuum modes and gives interesting transport properties. The technique is applied to various related problems with different configurations, and analytical solutions are given.},
  Doi                      = {10.1364/OL.30.002001},
  File                     = {Opt. Lett. Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GQX5AKEW/Shen and Fan - 2005 - Coherent photon transport from spontaneous emissio.pdf:application/pdf;Opt. Lett. Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/7CPJSGTC/abstract.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Quantum Optics, Scattering},
  Url                      = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-30-15-2001},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{smith_quantum_2013-1,
  Title                    = {Quantum {Control} in the {Cs} \$6\{{S}\}\_\{1/2\}\$ {Ground} {Manifold} {Using} {Radio}-{Frequency} and {Microwave} {Magnetic} {Fields}},
  Author                   = {Smith, A and Anderson, BE and Sosa-Martinez, H and Riofrio, CA and Deutsch, Ivan H and Jessen, Poul S},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {170502},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Abstract                 = {We implement arbitrary maps between pure states in the 16-dimensional Hilbert space associated with the ground electronic manifold of Cs133. This is accomplished by driving atoms with phase modulated radio-frequency and microwave fields, using modulation waveforms found via numerical optimization and designed to work robustly in the presence of imperfections. We evaluate the performance of a sample of randomly chosen state maps by randomized benchmarking, obtaining an average fidelity {\textgreater}99\%. Our protocol advances state-of-the-art quantum control and has immediate applications in quantum metrology and tomography.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.170502},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/Z4BBKWQ5/PhysRevLett.111.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/ACTVHCPG/Smith et al. - 2013 - Quantum Control in the Cs \$6 S _ 12 \$ Ground Mani.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.170502},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{smith_quantum_2013,
  Title                    = {Quantum state tomography by continuous measurement and compressed sensing},
  Author                   = {Smith, A. and Riofr铆o, C. A. and Anderson, B. E. and Sosa-Martinez, H. and Deutsch, I. H. and Jessen, P. S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {030102},
  Volume                   = {87},

  Abstract                 = {The need to perform quantum state tomography on ever-larger systems has spurred a search for methods that yield good estimates from incomplete data. We study the performance of compressed sensing (CS) and least squares (LS) estimators in a fast protocol based on continuous measurement on an ensemble of cesium atomic spins. They both efficiently reconstruct nearly pure states in the 16-dimensional ground manifold, reaching average fidelities 鈩扁幆鈳幆鈳疌S=0.92 and 鈩扁幆鈳幆鈳疞S=0.88 using similar amounts of incomplete data. Surprisingly, the main advantage of CS in our protocol is an increased robustness to experimental imperfections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.87.030102},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FVQIDMV2/PhysRevA.87.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/JGNVKV92/Smith et al. - 2013 - Quantum state tomography by continuous measurement.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.030102},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{smith_faraday_2003,
  Title                    = {Faraday spectroscopy in an optical lattice: a continuous probe of atom dynamics},
  Author                   = {Smith, Greg A. and Chaudhury, Souma and Jessen, Poul S.},
  Journal                  = {J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {323},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {The linear Faraday effect is used to implement a continuous measurement of the spin of a sample of laser-cooled atoms trapped in an optical lattice. One of the optical lattice beams serves also as a probe beam, thereby allowing one to monitor the atomic dynamics in real time and with minimal perturbation. A simple theory is developed to predict the measurement sensitivity and associated cost in terms of decoherence caused by the scattering of probe photons. Calculated signal-to-noise ratios in measurements of Larmor precession are found to agree with experimental data for a wide range of lattice intensity and detuning. Finally, quantum back-action is estimated by comparing the measurement sensitivity to spin projection noise, and shown to be insignificant in the current experiment. A continuous quantum measurement based on Faraday spectroscopy in optical lattices may open up new possibilities for the study of quantum feedback and classically chaotic quantum systems.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1464-4266/5/4/301},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/TVKFZTNM/Smith et al. - 2003 - Faraday spectroscopy in an optical lattice a cont.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/7NE2CDCE/301.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1464-4266},
  Language                 = {en},
  Shorttitle               = {Faraday spectroscopy in an optical lattice},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1464-4266/5/4/301},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-28}
}

@Article{smith_continuous_2004,
  Title                    = {Continuous {Weak} {Measurement} and {Nonlinear} {Dynamics} in a {Cold} {Spin} {Ensemble}},
  Author                   = {Smith, Greg A. and Chaudhury, Souma and Silberfarb, Andrew and Deutsch, Ivan H. and Jessen, Poul S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {16},
  Pages                    = {163602},
  Volume                   = {93},

  Abstract                 = {A weak continuous quantum measurement of an atomic spin ensemble can be implemented via Faraday rotation of an off-resonance probe beam, and may be used to create and probe nonclassical spin states and dynamics. We show that the probe light shift leads to nonlinearity in the spin dynamics and limits the useful Faraday measurement window. Removing the nonlinearity allows a nonperturbing measurement on the much longer time scale set by decoherence. The nonlinear spin Hamiltonian is of interest for studies of quantum chaos and real-time quantum state estimation.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.163602},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/UEFPHTVA/PhysRevLett.93.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/X5GAAUCQ/Smith et al. - 2004 - Continuous Weak Measurement and Nonlinear Dynamics.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.163602},
  Urldate                  = {2015-06-19}
}

@Book{snyder_optical_1983,
  Title                    = {Optical {Waveguide} {Theory}},
  Author                   = {Snyder, Allan and Love, John},
  Publisher                = {Chapman and Hall},
  Year                     = {1983},

  Address                  = {London}
}

@Article{spillane_observation_2008,
  Title                    = {Observation of {Nonlinear} {Optical} {Interactions} of {Ultralow} {Levels} of {Light} in a {Tapered} {Optical} {Nanofiber} {Embedded} in a {Hot} {Rubidium} {Vapor}},
  Author                   = {Spillane, S. M. and Pati, G. S. and Salit, K. and Hall, M. and Kumar, P. and Beausoleil, R. G. and Shahriar, M. S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {233602},
  Volume                   = {100},

  Abstract                 = {We report the observation of low-light level optical interactions in a tapered optical nanofiber (TNF) embedded in a hot rubidium vapor. The small optical mode area plays a significant role in the optical properties of the hot vapor Rb-TNF system, allowing nonlinear optical interactions with nW level powers even in the presence of transit-time dephasing rates much larger than the intrinsic linewidth. We demonstrate nonlinear absorption and V-type electromagnetically induced transparency with cw powers below 10 nW, comparable to the best results in any Rb-optical waveguide system. The good performance and flexibility of the Rb-TNF system makes it a very promising candidate for ultralow power resonant nonlinear optical applications.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.233602},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/RUP7RXAM/PhysRevLett.100.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/G2G2WIF6/Spillane et al. - 2008 - Observation of Nonlinear Optical Interactions of U.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.233602},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{stockton_characterizing_2003,
  Title                    = {Characterizing the entanglement of symmetric many-particle spin-\${\textbackslash}frac\{1\}\{2\}\$ systems},
  Author                   = {Stockton, John K. and Geremia, J. M. and Doherty, Andrew C. and Mabuchi, Hideo},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {022112},
  Volume                   = {67},

  Abstract                 = {Analyzing the properties of entanglement in many-particle spin-1/2 systems is generally difficult because the system鈥檚 Hilbert space grows exponentially with the number of constituent particles, N. Fortunately, it is still possible to investigate a many-particle entanglement when the state of the system possesses sufficient symmetry. In this paper, we present a practical method for efficiently computing various bipartite entanglement measures for states in the symmetric subspace and perform these calculations for N鈭�103. By considering all possible bipartite splits, we construct a picture of the multiscale entanglement in large symmetric systems. In particular, we characterize dynamically generated spin-squeezed states by comparing them to known reference states (e.g., Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and Dicke states), and families of states with near-maximal bipartite entropy. We quantify the trade-off between the degree of entanglement and its robustness to particle loss, emphasizing that substantial entanglement need not be fragile.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.67.022112},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/KVEZJ5ZV/PhysRevA.67.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DRA7TP5F/Stockton et al. - 2003 - Characterizing the entanglement of symmetric many-.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.67.022112},
  Urldate                  = {2015-06-05}
}

@Article{stockton_deterministic_2004,
  Title                    = {Deterministic {Dicke}-state preparation with continuous measurement and control},
  Author                   = {Stockton, John K. and van Handel, Ramon and Mabuchi, Hideo},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {022106},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {We characterize the long-time projective behavior of the stochastic master equation describing a continuous, collective spin measurement of an atomic ensemble both analytically and numerically. By adding state-based feedback, we show that it is possible to prepare highly entangled Dicke states deterministically.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.70.022106},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/STN8MB8W/PhysRevA.70.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/VNQ4I4UR/Stockton et al. - 2004 - Deterministic Dicke-state preparation with continu.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.70.022106},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-30}
}

@Article{strobel_fisher_2014,
  Title                    = {Fisher information and entanglement of non-{Gaussian} spin states},
  Author                   = {Strobel, Helmut and Muessel, Wolfgang and Linnemann, Daniel and Zibold, Tilman and Hume, David B. and Pezz猫, Luca and Smerzi, Augusto and Oberthaler, Markus K.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {6195},
  Pages                    = {424--427},
  Volume                   = {345},

  Abstract                 = {Entanglement is the key quantum resource for improving measurement sensitivity beyond classical limits. However, the production of entanglement in mesoscopic atomic systems has been limited to squeezed states, described by Gaussian statistics. Here, we report on the creation and characterization of non-Gaussian many-body entangled states. We develop a general method to extract the Fisher information, which reveals that the quantum dynamics of a classically unstable system creates quantum states that are not spin squeezed but nevertheless entangled. The extracted Fisher information quantifies metrologically useful entanglement, which we confirm by Bayesian phase estimation with sub鈥搒hot-noise sensitivity. These methods are scalable to large particle numbers and applicable directly to other quantum systems.
Subtle entanglement in an atomic cloud
In the quantum world, atoms can be correlated with each other鈥斺�渆ntangled鈥濃�攚hich reduces the uncertainty in the knowledge of some of their properties. Physicists then use this reduced uncertainty to perform precision measurements. Strobel et al. made an unusual type of entangled state consisting of hundreds of ultracold Rb atoms. These methods may in the future be able to generate states that will be more useful in precision measurement.
Science, this issue p. 424},
  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1250147},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/9H4IESVD/Strobel et al. - 2014 - Fisher information and entanglement of non-Gaussia.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/U555AGF7/424.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  Language                 = {en},
  Pmid                     = {25061206},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6195/424},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{sondergaard_general_2001,
  Title                    = {General theory for spontaneous emission in active dielectric microstructures: {Example} of a fiber amplifier},
  Author                   = {S{\o}ndergaard, T. and Tromborg, B.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {033812},
  Volume                   = {64},

  Abstract                 = {A model for spontaneous emission in active dielectric microstructures is given in terms of the classical electric field Green鈥檚 tensor and the quantum-mechanical operators for the generating currents. A formalism is given for calculating the Green鈥檚 tensor, which does not rely on the existence of a complete power orthogonal set of electromagnetic modes, and the formalism may therefore be applied to microstructures with gain and/or absorption. The Green鈥檚 tensor is calculated for an optical fiber amplifier, and the spontaneous emission in fiber amplifiers is studied with respect to the position, transition frequency, and vector orientation of a spatially localized current source. Radiation patterns are studied using a Poynting vector approach taking into account amplification or absorption from an active medium in the fiber.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.64.033812},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/79PG4W9Q/PhysRevA.64.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/9PSR7AHU/S酶ndergaard and Tromborg - 2001 - General theory for spontaneous emission in active .pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {General theory for spontaneous emission in active dielectric microstructures},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.64.033812},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{takano_spin_2009,
  Title                    = {Spin {Squeezing} of a {Cold} {Atomic} {Ensemble} with the {Nuclear} {Spin} of {One}-{Half}},
  Author                   = {Takano, T. and Fuyama, M. and Namiki, R. and Takahashi, Y.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {033601},
  Volume                   = {102},

  Abstract                 = {In order to establish an applicable system for advanced quantum information processing based on the interaction between light and atoms, we have demonstrated a quantum nondemolition measurement with a collective spin of cold ytterbium atoms (Yb171), and have observed 1.8+2.4鈭�1.5 dB spin squeezing. Since Yb171 atoms have only a nuclear spin of one-half in the ground state, the system constitutes the simplest spin ensemble and is thus robust against decoherence. We used very short pulses with a width of 100 ns, and as a result the interaction time became much shorter than the decoherence time, which is important for multistep quantum information processing.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.033601},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/J5AFCVP7/PhysRevLett.102.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/PV7XH9A7/Takano et al. - 2009 - Spin Squeezing of a Cold Atomic Ensemble with the .pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.033601},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{tame_quantum_2013,
  Title                    = {Quantum plasmonics},
  Author                   = {Tame, M. S. and McEnery, K. R. and 脰zdemir, 艦 K. and Lee, J. and Maier, S. A. and Kim, M. S.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Phys},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {329--340},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Quantum plasmonics is a rapidly growing field of research that involves the study of the quantum properties of light and its interaction with matter at the nanoscale. Here, surface plasmons鈥攅lectromagnetic excitations coupled to electron charge density waves on metal鈥揹ielectric interfaces or localized on metallic nanostructures鈥攅nable the confinement of light to scales far below that of conventional optics. We review recent progress in the experimental and theoretical investigation of the quantum properties of surface plasmons, their role in controlling light鈥搈atter interactions at the quantum level and potential applications. Quantum plasmonics opens up a new frontier in the study of the fundamental physics of surface plasmons and the realization of quantum-controlled devices, including single-photon sources, transistors and ultra-compact circuitry at the nanoscale.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2013 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nphys2615},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/X2N5DPAT/Tame et al. - 2013 - Quantum plasmonics.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/7BDKX9IM/nphys2615.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1745-2473},
  Keywords                 = {Electronics, Nanotechnology, photonics and device physics, Quantum Physics},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v9/n6/full/nphys2615.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@InCollection{tanji-suzuki_chapter_2011,
  Title                    = {Chapter 4 - {Interaction} between {Atomic} {Ensembles} and {Optical} {Resonators}: {Classical} {Description}},
  Author                   = {Tanji-Suzuki, Haruka and Leroux, Ian D. and Schleier-Smith, Monika H. and Cetina, Marko and Grier, Andrew T. and Simon, Jonathan and Vuleti膰, Vladan},
  Booktitle                = {Advances {In} {Atomic}, {Molecular}, and {Optical} {Physics}},
  Publisher                = {Academic Press},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Editor                   = {E. Arimondo, P. R. Berman {and} C. C. Lin},
  Pages                    = {201--237},
  Series                   = {Advances in {Atomic}, {Molecular}, and {Optical} {Physics}},
  Volume                   = {60},

  Abstract                 = {Many effects in the interaction between atoms and a cavity that are usually described in quantum mechanical terms (cavity quantum electrodynamics, cavity QED) can be understood and quantitatively analyzed within a classical framework. We adopt such a classical picture of a radiating dipole oscillator to derive explicit expressions for the coupling of single atoms and atomic ensembles to Gaussian modes in free space and in an optical resonator. The cooperativity parameter of cavity QED is shown to play a central role and is given a geometrical interpretation. The classical analysis yields transparent, intuitive results that are useful for analyzing applications of cavity QED such as atom detection and counting, cavity cooling, cavity spin squeezing, cavity spin optomechanics, or phase transitions associated with the self-organization of the ensemble-light system.},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/V7XB4HMG/B9780123855084000048.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {atom-light interaction, cavity cooling, cavity QED},
  Shorttitle               = {Chapter 4 - {Interaction} between {Atomic} {Ensembles} and {Optical} {Resonators}},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123855084000048},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-25}
}

@Article{Tiecke2015Efficient,
  Title                    = {Efficient fiber-optical interface for nanophotonic devices},
  Author                   = {T. G. Tiecke and K. P. Nayak and J. D. Thompson and T. Peyronel and N. P. de Leon and V. Vuleti\'{c} and M. D. Lukin},
  Journal                  = {Optica},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {70--75},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate a method for efficient coupling of guided light from a single-mode optical fiber to nanophotonic devices. Our approach makes use of single-sided conical tapered optical fibers that are evanescently coupled over the last \&\#x223C;10\&\#x2009;\&\#x2009;\&\#x3BC;m to a nanophotonic waveguide. By means of adiabatic mode transfer using a properly chosen taper, single-mode fiber-waveguide coupling efficiencies as high as 97(1)\% are achieved. Efficient coupling is obtained for a wide range of device geometries, which are either singly clamped on a chip or attached to the fiber, demonstrating a promising approach for integrated nanophotonic circuits, and quantum optical and nanoscale sensing applications.},
  Doi                      = {10.1364/OPTICA.2.000070},
  Keywords                 = {Waveguides; Microstructured fibers ; Nanophotonics and photonic crystals ; Nanostructure fabrication},
  Owner                    = {qxd},
  Publisher                = {OSA},
  Timestamp                = {2015.09.16},
  Url                      = {http://www.osapublishing.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-2-2-70}
}

@Article{tong_single-mode_2004,
  Title                    = {Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides},
  Author                   = {Tong, Limin and Lou, Jingyi and Mazur, Eric},
  Journal                  = {Opt. Express},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1025--1035},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Abstract                 = {Single-mode optical wave guiding properties of silica and silicon subwavelength-diameter wires are studied with exact solutions of Maxwell锟�??s equations. Single mode conditions, modal fields, power distribution, group velocities and waveguide dispersions are studied. It shows that air-clad subwavelength-diameter wires have interesting properties such as tight-confinement ability, enhanced evanescent fields and large waveguide dispersions that are very promising for developing future microphotonic devices with subwavelength-width structures.},
  Doi                      = {10.1364/OPEX.12.001025},
  File                     = {Opt. Express Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FHPT5D5U/Tong et al. - 2004 - Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-di.pdf:application/pdf;Opt. Express Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/PG7V9NTK/abstract.html:text/html},
  Keywords                 = {Fibers, single-mode, Micro-optics, Numerical approximation and analysis, Waveguides},
  Url                      = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-6-1025},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-24}
}

@Article{trail_strongly_2010,
  Title                    = {Strongly {Enhanced} {Spin} {Squeezing} via {Quantum} {Control}},
  Author                   = {Trail, Collin M. and Jessen, Poul S. and Deutsch, Ivan H.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {193602},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Abstract                 = {We describe a new approach to spin squeezing based on a double-pass Faraday interaction between an optical probe and an optically dense atomic sample. A quantum eraser is used to remove residual spin-probe entanglement, thereby realizing a single-axis twisting unitary map on the collective spin. This interaction can be phase matched, resulting in exponential enhancement of squeezing as a function of optical density for times short compared to the decoherence time. In practice the scaling and peak squeezing depends on decoherence, technical loss, and noise. Including these imperfections, our model indicates that 鈭�10 dB of squeezing should be achievable with laboratory parameters.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.193602},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/WC7HQNV4/PhysRevLett.105.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/HFJAIPT7/Trail et al. - 2010 - Strongly Enhanced Spin Squeezing via Quantum Contr.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.193602},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-27}
}

@Article{vasilyev_quantum_2012,
  Title                    = {Quantum noise for {Faraday} light鈥搈atter interfaces},
  Author                   = {Vasilyev, D. V. and Hammerer, K. and Korolev, N. and S酶rensen, A. S.},
  Journal                  = {J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {124007},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Abstract                 = {In light鈥搈atter interfaces based on the Faraday effect, quite a number of quantum information protocols have been successfully demonstrated. In order to further increase the performance and fidelities achieved in these protocols, a deeper understanding of the relevant noise and decoherence processes needs to be gained. In this paper, we provide for the first time a complete description of the decoherence from spontaneous emission. We derive from first principles the effects of photons being spontaneously emitted into unobserved modes. Our results relate the resulting decay and noise terms in effective equations of motion for collective atomic spins and the forward-propagating light modes to the full atomic level structure. We illustrate and apply our results to the case of a quantum memory protocol. Our results can be applied to any alkali atoms, and the general approach taken in this paper can be applied to light鈥搈atter interfaces and quantum memories based on different mechanisms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/0953-4075/45/12/124007},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/P9ASJ47N/Vasilyev et al. - 2012 - Quantum noise for Faraday light鈥搈atter interfaces.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/W66IVNAK/124007.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0953-4075},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-4075/45/12/124007},
  Urldate                  = {2015-06-03}
}

@PhdThesis{vetsch_eugen_optical_2010,
  Title                    = {Optical {Interface} {Based} on a {Nanofiber} {Atom}-{Trap}},
  Author                   = {Vetsch, Eugen},
  School                   = {Johannes Gutenberg-Universit盲t},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Address                  = {Mainz, Germany}
}

@Article{vetsch_optical_2010,
  Title                    = {Optical {Interface} {Created} by {Laser}-{Cooled} {Atoms} {Trapped} in the {Evanescent} {Field} {Surrounding} an {Optical} {Nanofiber}},
  Author                   = {Vetsch, E. and Reitz, D. and Sagu{\'e}, G. and Schmidt, R. and Dawkins, S. T. and Rauschenbeutel, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {203603},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {Trapping and optically interfacing laser-cooled neutral atoms are essential requirements for their use in advanced quantum technologies. Here we simultaneously realize both of these tasks with cesium atoms interacting with a multicolor evanescent field surrounding an optical nanofiber. The atoms are localized in a one-dimensional optical lattice about 200 nm above the nanofiber surface and can be efficiently interrogated with a resonant light field sent through the nanofiber. Our technique opens the route towards the direct integration of laser-cooled atomic ensembles within fiber networks, an important prerequisite for large scale quantum communication schemes. Moreover, it is ideally suited to the realization of hybrid quantum systems that combine atoms with, e.g., solid state quantum devices.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.203603},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/B85QZSTZ/PhysRevLett.104.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/K4PA4SZV/Vetsch et al. - 2010 - Optical Interface Created by Laser-Cooled Atoms Tr.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.203603},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{vos_orientation-dependent_2009,
  Title                    = {Orientation-dependent spontaneous emission rates of a two-level quantum emitter in any nanophotonic environment},
  Author                   = {Vos, Willem L. and Koenderink, A. Femius and Nikolaev, Ivan S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {053802},
  Volume                   = {80},

  Abstract                 = {We study theoretically the spontaneous emission rate of a two-level quantum emitter in any nanophotonic system. We derive a general representation of the rate on the orientation of the transition dipole by only invoking symmetry of the Green function. The rate depends quadratically on orientation and is determined by rates along three principal axes, which greatly simplifies visualization: emission rate surfaces provide insight on how preferred orientations for enhancement (or inhibition) depend on emission frequency and location, as shown for a mirror, a plasmonic sphere, and a photonic band-gap crystal. Moreover, insight is provided on means to 鈥渟witch鈥� the emission rates by actively controlling the orientation of the emitters鈥� transition dipole.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.80.053802},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/GVQBURPM/PhysRevA.80.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/CXAZZKVX/Vos et al. - 2009 - Orientation-dependent spontaneous emission rates o.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.80.053802},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-01}
}

@Article{wallraff_strong_2004,
  Title                    = {Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics},
  Author                   = {Wallraff, A. and Schuster, D. I. and Blais, A. and Frunzio, L. and Huang, R.-S. and Majer, J. and Kumar, S. and Girvin, S. M. and Schoelkopf, R. J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {7005},
  Pages                    = {162--167},
  Volume                   = {431},

  Abstract                 = {The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.},
  Copyright                = {漏 2004 Nature Publishing Group},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature02851},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/EVFGWUVV/Wallraff et al. - 2004 - Strong coupling of a single photon to a supercondu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/PTZHUIKC/nature02851.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7005/full/nature02851.html},
  Urldate                  = {2015-07-29}
}

@Article{wang_spin_2003,
  Title                    = {Spin squeezing and pairwise entanglement for symmetric multiqubit states},
  Author                   = {Wang, Xiaoguang and Sanders, Barry C.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {012101},
  Volume                   = {68},

  Abstract                 = {We show that spin squeezing implies pairwise entanglement for arbitrary symmetric multiqubit states. If the squeezing parameter is less than or equal to 1, we demonstrate a quantitative relation between the squeezing parameter and the concurrence for the even and odd states. We prove that the even states generated from the initial state with all qubits being spin down, via the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian, are spin squeezed if and only if they are pairwise entangled. For the states generated via the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian with an external transverse field for any number of qubits greater than 1 or via the two-axis countertwisting Hamiltonian for any even number of qubits, the numerical results suggest that such states are spin squeezed if and only if they are pairwise entangled.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.68.012101},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/E3GVH3SK/PhysRevA.68.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/58PJ32ZC/Wang and Sanders - 2003 - Spin squeezing and pairwise entanglement for symme.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.68.012101},
  Urldate                  = {2015-08-05}
}

@Article{wineland_spin_1992,
  Title                    = {Spin squeezing and reduced quantum noise in spectroscopy},
  Author                   = {Wineland, D. J. and Bollinger, J. J. and Itano, W. M. and Moore, F. L. and Heinzen, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {R6797--R6800},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Abstract                 = {We investigate the quantum-mechanical noise in spectroscopic experiments on ensembles of N two-level (or spin-1/2) systems where transitions are detected by measuring changes in state population. By preparing correlated states, here called squeezed spin states, we can increase the signal-to-noise ratio in spectroscopy (by approximately N1/2 in certain cases) over that found in experiments using uncorrelated states. Possible experimental demonstrations of this enhancement are discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.46.R6797},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/IRCJ3FNM/PhysRevA.46.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/FJ6QQNHZ/Wineland et al. - 1992 - Spin squeezing and reduced quantum noise in spectr.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.R6797},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{wubs_multiple-scattering_2004,
  Title                    = {Multiple-scattering approach to interatomic interactions and superradiance in inhomogeneous dielectrics},
  Author                   = {Wubs, Martijn and Suttorp, L. G. and Lagendijk, A.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {053823},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {The dynamics of a collection of resonant atoms embedded inside an inhomogeneous nondispersive and lossless dielectric is described with a dipole Hamiltonian that is based on a canonical quantization theory. The dielectric is described macroscopically by a position-dependent dielectric function and the atoms as microscopic harmonic oscillators. We identify and discuss the role of several types of Green tensors that describe the spatio-temporal propagation of field operators. After integrating out the atomic degrees of freedom, a multiple-scattering formalism emerges in which an exact Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the electric field operator plays a central role. The equation describes atoms as point sources and point scatterers for light. First, single-atom properties are calculated such as position-dependent spontaneous-emission rates as well as differential cross sections for elastic scattering and for resonance fluorescence. Secondly, multiatom processes are studied. It is shown that the medium modifies both the resonant and the static parts of the dipole-dipole interactions. These interatomic interactions may cause the atoms to scatter and emit light cooperatively. Unlike in free space, differences in position-dependent emission rates and radiative line shifts influence cooperative decay in the dielectric. As a generic example, it is shown that near a partially reflecting plane there is a sharp transition from two-atom superradiance to single-atom emission as the atomic positions are varied.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.70.053823},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BENTM5MH/PhysRevA.70.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/BKBUIZJN/Wubs et al. - 2004 - Multiple-scattering approach to interatomic intera.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.70.053823},
  Urldate                  = {2015-04-26}
}

@Article{yalla_cavity_2014,
  Title                    = {Cavity {Quantum} {Electrodynamics} on a {Nanofiber} {Using} a {Composite} {Photonic} {Crystal} {Cavity}},
  Author                   = {Yalla, Ramachandrarao and Sadgrove, Mark and Nayak, Kali P. and Hakuta, Kohzo},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {143601},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate cavity QED conditions in the Purcell regime for single quantum emitters on the surface of an optical nanofiber. The cavity is formed by combining an optical nanofiber and a nanofabricated grating to create a composite photonic crystal cavity. By using this technique, significant enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate into the nanofiber guided modes is observed for single quantum dots. Our results pave the way for enhanced on-fiber light-matter interfaces with clear applications to quantum networks.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.143601},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/ZRFSJRHV/PhysRevLett.113.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/IMJHXN8T/Yalla et al. - 2014 - Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics on a Nanofiber Usin.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.143601},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-03}
}

@Article{yao_-chip_2010,
  Title                    = {On-chip single photon sources using planar photonic crystals and single quantum dots},
  Author                   = {Yao, P. and Manga Rao, V.s.c. and Hughes, S.},
  Journal                  = {Laser \& Photon. Rev.},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {499--516},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {We review the basic light-matter interactions and optical properties of chip-based single photon sources, that are enabled by integrating single quantum dots with planar photonic crystals. A theoretical framework is presented that allows one to connect to a wide range of quantum light propagation effects in a physically intuitive and straightforward way. We focus on the important mechanisms of enhanced spontaneous emission, and efficient photon extraction, using all-integrated photonic crystal components including waveguides, cavities, quantum dots and output couplers. The limitations, challenges, and exciting prospects of developing on-chip quantum light sources using integrated photonic crystal structures are discussed.},
  Copyright                = {Copyright 漏 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/lpor.200810081},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/DS2VMHWV/Yao et al. - 2010 - On-chip single photon sources using planar photoni.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/E8IPIC8G/abstract.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1863-8899},
  Keywords                 = {cavity-QED, chip-based quantum optics, nanophotonics., planar photonic crystals, Quantum dots, Single photons, spontaneous emission},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.200810081/abstract},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-03}
}

@Article{yao_ultrahigh_2009,
  Title                    = {Ultrahigh {Purcell} factors and {Lamb} shifts in slow-light metamaterial waveguides},
  Author                   = {Yao, Peijun and Van Vlack, C. and Reza, A. and Patterson, M. and Dignam, M. M. and Hughes, S.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. B},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {195106},
  Volume                   = {80},

  Abstract                 = {We introduce the complex band structure and a medium-dependent (Green鈥檚 function) quantum-optics formalism to study the enhanced spontaneous emission factors and Lamb shifts from a quantum dot or atom near the surface of a slow-light metamaterial waveguide. Using a realistic loss factor of 纬/2蟺=2 THz, Purcell factors of approximately 250 and 100 are found at optical frequencies for p-polarized and s-polarized dipoles, respectively, placed 28 nm (0.02位0) above the slab surface. For smaller loss values, we demonstrate that the slow-light regime of odd metamaterial waveguide propagation modes can be observed and related to distinct resonances in the Purcell factors. Correspondingly, we predict unusually large and rich Lamb shifts of approximately 鈭�1 to 鈭�6 GHz for a dipole moment of 50 Debye. We also make a direct calculation of the far-field-emission spectra which contains direct measurable access to these enhanced Purcell factors and Lamb shifts.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevB.80.195106},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/EX5S7UQH/PhysRevB.80.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/C3DRPT7A/Yao et al. - 2009 - Ultrahigh Purcell factors and Lamb shifts in slow-.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.195106},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-03}
}

@Article{zhang_collective_2012,
  Title                    = {Collective {State} {Measurement} of {Mesoscopic} {Ensembles} with {Single}-{Atom} {Resolution}},
  Author                   = {Zhang, Hao and McConnell, Robert and {\'C}uk, Senka and Lin, Qian and Schleier-Smith, Monika H and Leroux, Ian D and Vuleti{\'c}, Vladan},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {13},
  Pages                    = {133603},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Abstract                 = {We demonstrate single-atom resolution, as well as detection sensitivity more than 20 dB below the quantum projection noise limit, for hyperfine-state-selective measurements on mesoscopic ensembles containing 100 or more atoms. The measurement detects the atom-induced shift of the resonance frequency of an optical cavity containing the ensemble. While spatially varying coupling of atoms to the cavity prevents the direct observation of a quantized signal, the demonstrated measurement resolution provides the readout capability necessary for atomic interferometry substantially below the standard quantum limit and down to the Heisenberg limit.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.133603},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/CN8IV69E/PhysRevLett.109.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/NZFMEENJ/Zhang et al. - 2012 - Collective State Measurement of Mesoscopic Ensembl.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.133603},
  Urldate                  = {2015-05-09}
}

@Article{zoubi_collective_2014,
  Title                    = {Collective interactions in an array of atoms coupled to a nanophotonic waveguide},
  Author                   = {Zoubi, Hashem},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {043831},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Abstract                 = {A lattice of trapped atoms strongly coupled to a one-dimensional nanophotonic waveguide is investigated in exploiting polaritons as natural collective eigenstates. We derive polariton-polariton kinematic interactions by applying a bosonization procedure to transform excitation spin-12 operators into interacting bosons. In solving the scattering problem we extract the effective potential, which is shown to be modulated by using the excitation-photon detuning as a control parameter. We examine the regime in which polaritons behave as a dilute degenerate boson gas and in the limit where polaritons can be treated as weakly interacting photons we propose the system for realizing superfluidity of photons. We implement the kinematic interaction as a mechanism for nonlinear optical processes that provide an observation tool for the system properties, e.g., the interaction strength produces a blue shift in pump-probe experiments.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.89.043831},
  File                     = {APS Snapshot:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/IQ2CTGX6/PhysRevA.89.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/SupremeCommander/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/m1g7zasm.default/zotero/storage/VQVMHKB7/Zoubi - 2014 - Collective interactions in an array of atoms coupl.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.043831},
  Urldate                  = {2015-09-03}
}

@Article{wuttke_nanofiber_2012,
    author = {C. Wuttke and M. Becker and S. Br\"{u}ckner and M. Rothhardt and A. Rauschenbeutel}, 
    journal = {Opt. Lett.}, 
    keywords = {Quantum electrodynamics; Micro-optical devices; Resonators; Microcavities},
    number = {11}, 
    pages = {1949--1951}, 
    publisher = {OSA},
    title = {Nanofiber Fabry\&\#x2013;Perot microresonator for nonlinear optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics}, 
    volume = {37}, 
    month = {Jun},
    year = {2012},
    url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-37-11-1949},
    doi = {10.1364/OL.37.001949},
    abstract = {We experimentally realize a Fabry\&\#x2013;Perot-type optical microresonator near the cesium D2 line wavelength based on a tapered optical fiber, equipped with two fiber Bragg gratings that enclose a subwavelength diameter waist. Owing to the very low taper losses, the finesse of the resonator reaches F$=$86 while the on-resonance transmission is T$=$11\%. The characteristics of our resonator fulfill the requirements of nonlinear optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics in the strong coupling regime. These characteristics, combined with the demonstrated ease of use and advantageous mode geometry, open a realm of applications.}
}

